《Anatomical Physiology》-Anatomy课程教学大纲

一、课程基本信息

二、课程目标

（一）总体目标：

通过学习人体解剖结构等基本医学知识，通过老师的讲授和实验室模型多重感官刺激加强记忆，让学生懂得医学知识的真正意义，并努力通过学生和老师的共同努力树立正确的人生观、事业观、培养真正的科学人才！

（二）课程目标：

 Human anatomy and physiology mainly talk about the structure of human body. It is characterized by the systematically describe the various organs in the human body on the morphological structure and the main functions, so that students would have a basic understanding of the human body, to lay the foundation for other basic courses. Therefore, it is compulsory and required courses for Pharmacy students.

（三）课程目标与毕业要求、课程内容的对应关系

表1：课程目标与课程内容、毕业要求的对应关系表

三、教学内容

Contents：

Introduction

Subject：

 1. The Definition of Human Anatomy and Its Position in Medicine.

 2. Common terms and anatomical position.

Teaching points：

•  The Definition of Human Anatomy

•  The concept of human organs and systems

•  Anatomical terminology  

Osteology

Subject：

1.  General description

1.  Organization of skeleton：Skull，bones of the trunk and bones of the limbs.

2.  Classification of bones：long bone, short bone, flat bone and irregular bone.

2.  Trunk bones

1.  General structures of vertebrae

2.  Regional characteristics of vertebrae

3.  Sacrum and coccyx

4.  Ribs: costal bone and costal cartilage

5.  Sternum

3.  Bones of the limbs

1.  Bones of upper limbs: pectoral girdle bones and bones of free upper limbs

2.  Bones of lower limbs: pelvic girdle bones and bones of free lower limbs

4.  Bones of skull

1.  Cranial bones

2.  Facial skeleton

3.  Whole views of the skull: superior and posterior view of skull; internal and external views of base of the skull.

Teaching points：

•  Morphological classification of bones

•  Composition of trunk bones

•  The general morphology and the characteristics of the vertebrae

•  Three parts of the sternum and the concept of the sternal angle

•  The division and composition of upper and lower limb bone

•  the position and morphologic features of clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, hip bones, femur, tibia, fibula

•  The division and composition of skull bones

•  The tag architecture of internal views of base of the skull and the concept of pterion

Arthrology

Subject：

1.  General description

1.   Fibrous joint

2.   Cartilaginous joint

3.   Synovial joint：general structures, assisting structures, types of the movements

2.  Articulations of the trunk

1.   Joints of the vertebrae: joints of the vertebral body/vertebral arch

2.   The different aspects and movements of Vertebral column  

3.   The composition of thoracic cage and movements

3.  Articulations of the limbs

1.  Articulations of upper limbs: pectoral girdle and free upper limbs articulations  

2.  Articulations of lower limbs: pelvic girdle and free lower limbs articulations

4.  articulations of the skull

Teaching points：

•  general and assisting Structures of Synovial joint  

•  The structure and function of the intervertebral disc

•  The composition of vertebral column (physiological curvatures) and thoracic cage

•  The composition of articulations (shoulder joint, elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint) with their movements

Myology

Subject：

1.  General description

1.   Morphology and structure of skeletal muscles  

2.   The origin, insertion and the action of the muscles  

2.  Muscles of the trunk

1.   Muscles of the back: the superficial and deep layers.

2.   Muscles of the thorax

3.   Diaphragm

4.   Muscles of the abdomen: anterolateral group

3.  Muscles of the head and neck

1.   Muscles of the head: facial muscles; masticatory muscles

2.   Muscles of the neck: superficial group, deep group; suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

4.  Muscles of upper limbs

1.  Pectoral girdle Muscles

2.  Muscles of brachium: anterior group, posterior group

3.  Muscles of forearm: anterior group, posterior group

4.  Muscles of hand: Lateral group (thenar muscles), Medial group (hypothenar muscles) and Intermediate group

 5. muscles of the lower limbs

1.  Muscles of the hip: Anterior group, Posterior group  

2.  Muscles of the thigh: Anterior group, Medial group and Posterior group

3.  Muscles of the calf: Anterior group, Lateral group and Posterior group

Teaching points：

•  Morphology and structure of skeletal muscles

•  The component parts of trunk muscles

•  The effect of trapezius, latissimus dorsi and erector spinae

•  The effect of pectoralis major, intercostales externi/interni muscles

•  The location, effect and three hiatuses of the diaphragm

•  The name and effect of anterolateral group muscles

•  the component of masticatory muscles

•  The location and effect of sternocleidomastoid; the structure of scalene hiatus

•  The location and effect of deltoid

•  The location and effect of Biceps brachii, triceps

•  The location and effect of Gluteus maximus, quadriceps, calf triceps

Digestive System

Subject：

1.  Digestive tract

1.   The mouth：regions of the mouth, lips, cheeks, palate, teeth, tongue and salivary glands

2.   Pharynx: the position, form, three portions and the important structures.

3.   Esophagus: the position, form and narrows.

4.   Stomach: the position, form and parts

5.   Small intestine: Duodenum jejunum and ileum

6.   Large intestine: Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal

2.  Digestive gland

1.   Liver: the form, position and extrahepatic biliary duct

2.   Pancreas  

Teaching points：

•  The Composition of Digestive System, the partition of upper and lower digestive tract.

•  The morphology of teeth

•  The position and opening of parotid, submandibular and sublingual gland

•  The position, parts and connection of pharynx

•  The position of esophagus, the narrows and their meanings in clinic

•  The position, form and parts of stomach

•  The parts of small intestine, the parts and morphology of duodenum.

•  The parts and morphology of large intestine

•  The position of cecum and appendix; McBurney’s point

•  The parts of colon

•  The position and morphology of rectum and anal canal

•  The position and form of liver

•  The structure of extrahepatic biliary duct

•  The position and parts of pancreas

Respiratory system

Subject：

1.  Nose

1.  External nose

2.  Nasal cavity

3.  Paranasal Sinuses

2.  Larynx

1.  Laryngeal cartilage: Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

2.  Laryngeal cavity

3.  Trachea and bronchi

4.  The position and form of lungs

5.  Pleura and mediastinum: the concepts of chest, pleura and pleural cavity; division of parietal pleura; pleural recesses; mediastinum

Teaching points：

•  The Composition of respiratory system, the partition of upper and lower respiratory tracts.

•  The position and opening of paranasal sinuses

•  The position and the cartilages framework of larynx; laryngeal cavity  

•  The position of trachea, the partition of left and right principal bronchus

•  The position, morphology and shape of lungs

•  The concepts of pleura and pleura cavity

•  The division of pleura and costodiaphragmatic recess

Urinary System

Subject：

1.  Kidneys

1.   The position, form and structure of kidney

2.   Renal capsule: fibrous capsule, fatty capsule and renal fascia

2.  Ureters  

3.  Urinary bladder

1.   The position and shape of bladder

2.   Trigone of bladder

4.  Urethra

Teaching points：

•   The Composition of respiratory system

•   The position and morphology of kidney

•   Renal capsule

•   The position of ureters

•   the position and morphology of bladder

•   The parts of urethra in males

Reproductive System

Subject：

1.  Internal reproductive organs in males

1.   Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory ducts

2.   Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

2.  External reproductive organs in males

1.   Scrotum and penis

2.   Male urethra

3.  Internal reproductive organs in females

1.  Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

4.  External reproductive organs in females

1.  Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal vestibule, clitoris and bulb of the vestibule

2.  Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

Teaching points：

•  The composition of male reproductive system

•  The position and morphology of testis and epididymis

•  The morphologic features of ductus deferens

•  The position and parts of spermatic cord

•  The position and morphology of prostate

•  The composition of female reproductive system

•  The position and morphology of ovaries

•  The position and parts of uterine tubes

•  The position and morphology of uterus

•  The opening of female urethra and vagina

Cardiovascular system

Subject：

1.  General Description

1.  Components of the cardiovascular system

2.  Circulatory routes

2.  Heart

 1) Location, shape and structure of the heart

2.  Chambers of the heart: atrium and ventricle

3.  Conduction system of the heart: SA node, AV node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers

4.  Coronary Circulation: arteries and veins

  3. Artery

1.  Arteries of the pulmonary circulation

2.  Arteries of the systemic circulation: Aorta, arteries of the head and neck, arteries of the upper limbs, arteries of the chest, arteries of the abdominal region, arteries of the pelvic arteries, arteries of the lower limbs

  4. Vein

1.  Superior vena cava system: the veins of head and neck, the veins of the upper limbs and veins of the chest

2.  Inferior vena cava system: the veins of the lower limbs, veins of the pelvis and the veins of the abdominal region

3.  Hepatic portal system

  5. Lymphatic system

     1)  General description

     2)  Lymph and lymphatic vessels: lymphatic Capillary, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks and lymphatic ducts

     3)  Lymph Nodes

     4)  Spleen and thymus

Teaching points

•  The composition of cardiovascular system

•  The concepts of systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

•  The position, form of the heart; structure of heart chambers

•  The structure and effect of Conduction system of the heart

•  The arising, main trunks and distribution of left/right coronary arteries

•  The location and opening of coronary sinus

•  The arising, distribution and branches of aorta

•  The distribution and branches of common carotid artery.

•  The branches of external carotid artery and subclavian artery.

•  The artery trunks of upper and lower limbs.

•  The composition and distribution of superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and brachiocephalic vein

•  The branches of hepatic portal vein

•  The organization of lymphatic system and lymphatic vessels

•  The arising, distribution and receiving range of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

•  The position and forms of spleen

Visual Organ

Subject：

 1. Eyeball

1.  Walls of eyeball: Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic and retina

2.  Internal structure and refractive media of eye: aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body.

   2. associated structures of the eye

 1) Eyelids, conjunctiva, the lacrimal organ and extrinsic eye muscles.

Teaching points：

•  The three layers of tunics in eyeball, and the parts and morphology respectively.

•  The composition and effect of the internal structures.  

•  Where are the aqueous humor secretes from and drains in?

•  The structure of lacrimal organ.

•  The effect of extrinsic eye muscles.

Vestibulocochlear Organ

Subject：

 1. External ear

1.  Auricle

2.  External auditory meatus

   2. Middle ear

1.  Tympanic cavity: walls of the tympanic cavity; auditory ossicles

2.  Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

3.  Mastoid antrum and mastoid cells

   3. Internal ear

1.  Bony labyrinth: vestibule, bony semicircular canals and cochlea

2.  Membranous labyrinth: utricle and saccule, membranous semicircular duct and cochlear duct

Teaching points：

•  The parts of external acoustic meatus

•  The location and morphology of tympanic membrane

•  The position of tympanic cavity and the structure of 6 walls of it

•  The parts and morphology of bony/membranous labyrinth

Nervous system

Subject：

  1. Organization of nervous system

 2. Terminology of nervous system: gray matter, white matter, medulla, mucleus, ganglion, fasciculus and nerves.

Teaching points：

•  The organization of nervous system: CNS and PNS

•  The concepts of these terms mentioned above.

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

Subject：

  1. Spinal nerves

1.  31 pairs of spinal nerves: nerve fibers contained in; branches

2.  Cervical Plexus: position, formation and branches.

3.  Brachial plexus: position, formation and branches.

4.  The anterior branches of the thoracic nerves

5.  Lumbar plexus

6.  Sacral plexus

  2. Cranial Nerves

1.  Name and fibers which they contained into.

2.  Olfactory nerve

3.  Optic nerve

4.  Oculomotor nerve

5.  Trochlear nerve

6.  Trigeminal nerve

7.  Abducens nerve

8.  Facial nerve

9.  Vestibulocochlear nerve

10.  Glossopharyngeal nerve

11.  Vagus nerve

12.  Accessory nerve

13.  Hypoglossal nerve

  3. visceral nervous system

 Sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic system and differences between.

Teaching points：

•  The composition of spinal nerves, nerve fibers contained in and branches

•  Positions of Cervical Plexus, Brachial plexus, Lumbar plexus and Sacral plexus

•  The distribution of Phrenic nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve

•  The name, number and fiber type of cranial nerves.

•  The main distribution of every cranial nerves  

•  Centers and distributions of sympathetic nerve

•  Centers and distributions of parasympathetic nerve

Central nervous system

Subject：

 1. Spinal cord

1.  External features of the spinal cord

2.  Internal structures of the spinal cord: gray matter and white matter

3.  Functions of the spinal cord: conduction and reflex actions

  2. Brain

1.  Brain stem: External features and external features of the brain stem

2.  Cerebellum: shape and lobes; structures and functions

3.  The lobes of the cerebellum

4.  Diencephalon: dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus

5.  Telencephalon: External features and lobes; internal sructures

Teaching points：

•  The position and external features of spinal cord

•  The distribution of gray/ white matter, the location and functions of main ascending/descending tracts.  

•  The position and parts of brain

•  The composition of brain stem and names of cranial nerve nuclei.

•  The location and parts of diencephalon

•  The position of cerebellum

•  The lobes of cerebrum

•  The location and two limbs of the internal capsule; names and clinical meanings of the fiber bundle running through it.

•  The location and connecting among the 3ed ventricle, 4^th ventricle and lateral ventricle.

Nervous Pathways

Subject：

  1. Sensory (ascending) pathways: proprio-sensation pathway, superficial sensations pathway and visual sensations.

  2. Motor (descending) pathways: pyramidal motor system and extrapyramidal motor system  

Teaching points：

•  Propriosensations of the trunk and extremities.

•  Superficial sensations of the trunk and extremities.

•  The conductive pathway of vision

•  The components and tracts of pyramidal motor system.

The Meninges, blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

Subject：

 1. The meninges of the brain and spinal cord

 2. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation

Teaching points：

•  Structures of brain/spinal cord meninges: three membranes

•  The production and circulation of CSF.

四、学时分配

表2：各章节的具体内容和学时分配表

五、教学进度

表3：教学进度表

六、教材及参考书目

 1．丁文龙、刘学政主编  系统解剖学（第9版）北京：人民卫生出版社 2019

 2．顾晓松主编  人体解剖学（第4版）北京：科学出版社 2016    

 3.  Gu Xiaosong（Chief Editor）HUMAN ANATOMY(Second Edition) SCIENCE PRESS

七、教学方法

本课程主题采用讲授法、搭配实验教学、课下体验教学法进行

 1. 讲授法：围绕正常人体解剖结构，从运动系统、内脏学、脉管系统、感觉器、神经系统几个章节依次讲解。

 2．体验教学：在教学过程中采用相应教学平台和课堂互动软件（qq课堂平台），并引导主动下载学习类APP，帮助学生体验技术支持下教与学的方式。

 3. 实验法：通过学习多媒体课件制作的基本操作，学习使用基本的音视频处理及微课制作软件，形成基础的教育技术实践能力。      

八、考核方式及评定方法

（一）课程考核与课程目标的对应关系

表4：课程考核与课程目标的对应关系表

（二）评定方法

1．评定方法

平时成绩：10%

实验考试：30%

期末考试60%

2．课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析

表5：课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析表

（三）评分标准

Whole English Teaching Program on Physiology for Pharmacy Students

Department of Physiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University

Revised by Guoqing Wang in 2016-11

 Anatomical Physiology (Part of Physiology) Course Syllabus

Course Code: PHAR1078

Course Category：Professional required subject

Majors：Pharmacy, biopharmceutics, Chinese materia medica, etc.

Semester：Spring

Total Hours: 45 Hours      Weekly Class Hours: 3

Credit：2

Lecture Hours: 27 Hours       Lab Hours: 18 hours

Instructors：GQ Wang, GX Zhang, Linhui Wang, Yan Jiang, Yongjin Zhu, Rong Xue

Textbook: Textbook of Medical Physiology, edited by John E. Hall & Arthur C. Guyton, 13th Ed, Peking University Medical Press, 2015.

References：

1. Physiology, edited by Zhu Danian, 8^th edition, published by People`s Medical Publishing House, 2013.

2. TEXTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, edited by Yan Jianqun & Wu Bowei, published by Science Publishing Company, 2006.

3. TEXTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, edited by Yao Tai, published by People`s Medical Publishing House, 2008.

4. Charles Seidel. BASIC CONCEPTS IN Physiology, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2012.

5. Functional Experimental Science, edited by Xie Keming Wang Guoqing et al., Higher Education Publishing Company，2014, 03.

Prepared Subjects for Studying Physiology: Systemic Anatomy, Histology and Embryology.

Teaching Aim: Physiology is a science which aims at rule of the life activity and function of the constitutive parts of organism as studying object. It is also one of the medical compulsory basic subjects and what it tells learner is the component parts of the national medical license examination.

Curriculum Introduction in Brief

 The course consists of theoretical and experimental lessons and the former mainly talks about the function and regulation of cell, blood, circulation, respiration, digestion, sense organ, nervous system, endocrine system, reproduction, etc, while the latter is involved in primary physiological experiment in order to improve students` practical ability. For physiology teaching, total teaching hours are 45 (Lecture time 27 hrs and Experiment time 18 hrs) and lecture time is as follows

Basic Physiological Function of Human Body4 hrs

Blood Physiology1 hrs

Cardiovascular Physiology6 hrs

Respiratory Physiology2 hrs

Digestive Physiology2 hrs

Energy Metabolism and Body Temperature1 hrs

Renal Physiology2 hrs

Sensory Organ Physiology1 hrs

Nervous Physiology4 hrs

Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology4 hrs

 All Chapters arrangement:

 Basic Physiological Function of Human Body (4 Hrs)

 Time arrangement：

 Internal environment and homeostasis of human body0.25 hr

 Regulations of body physiological functions0.50 hr

 Control system inside body0.25 hr

Membrane structure and transportation0.5 hr

Bioelectrical phenomenon—mechanism1 hr

Excitation induction and spread0.5 hr

 Contraction of skeletal muscle   1 hr

 Objective and Requirement：

Understanding regulation manner of functional activities. Master concept of internal environmenthomeostasis. Understanding material transportation of cellular membrane. Master bioelectricity production and basic principle of excitory conduction. Master mechanism of muscular contraction.

 Contents：

Internal environment and homeostasis; Regulation of functional activities: neuroregulation (reflex, reflex arc, conditional reflex and unconditional reflex); Humoral regulation (hormone, local humoral factor; Autoregulation. Feedback including negative feedback, positive feedback and feed forward.

Transmembrane material transport: simple diffusion, flux and permeability, facilitated diffusion, carrier and channel, passive transport; Active transport (primary and secondary active transport), electrogenic pump and neutral pump; Endocytosis and exocytosis.

Bioelectrical phenomenon of cell: resting potential, RP and action potential, AP, polarization, depolarization, hyperpolarization, overshoot, repolarization, spike potential, after-potential, all-or-none phenomenon. Mechanism of bioelectrical phenomenon: concentration gradient, electromotive force and equilibrium potential; Resting potential andaction potential.

Chemicaltransmission of neuromuscular junction; Endplate potential; Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction: myofilament sliding theory. Excitation- contraction coupling of skeletal muscle: process and a role of calcium, calcium-induced Ca²⁺ release, CICR.

 Question Thinking:

1. Please describe the patterns and characteristics of Human physiological regulation.

2. Please describe characteristics of facilitated diffusion.  

3. What is the mechanism of Resting Potential  

4. What is the mechanism of Action Potential in Nerve or Skeletal muscle

5. Please answer mechanism of muscle contraction

6. Please describe material transmembrane transporting patterns.

 Blood Physiology (1 Hr)

  Time arrangement：

Overview- blood physiology0.5 hr

Blood coagulation and physiological hemostasis0.25 hr

Blood volume, blood transfusion and blood group0.25 hr

  Objective and Requirement：

Understanding blood component, function of plasma protein, plasma osmotic pressure, hematopoietic stem cell and hematopoietic place; Knowing suspension stabilityanderythrosedimentation of RBC; Mastering functions of blood cell blood coagulation and ABO blood group.

  Contents：

Plasma osmotic pressure (POP) and its function for water migration in the body. Function of plasma protein; Hematopoietic stem cell and hematopoietic place; Suspension stabilityanderythrosedimentation of RBC; Physiological function and erythropoietic regulation of red blood cell; Physiological function of various leukocytes, phagocyte and nonspecific immunity, lymphocyte and immunity; Physiological characteristic and function of thrombocytes;

Blood coagulation (blood coagulation factor and main process of blood clotting (different feature of intrinsic and extrinsic blood clotting pathways).Blood volume, blood transfusion and blood group of erythrocyte (ABOblood group system and Rhblood group system), leucocyte group and platelet group.

Question Thinking:

1. What is the function of Blood ?

2. What is the components and function of Blood Plasma osmotic pressure ?

3. Please answer Hemopoietic stem cells`s basic characteristics.

4. What is the basic steps of blood coagulation .

5. Please answer principle of blood transfusion.

 Blood Circulation (6 Hrs)

 Time arrangement：

Electrocardiogram, ECG 0.5 hr

Cardiac blood-pumping function         2 hrs

Vascular Physiology         2 hrs

Regulation of cardiovascular activities1.5 hrs

 Objective and Requirement：

Master meaning of ECG, mechanism of cardiac blood pumping, concept of cardiac cycle and heart sound. Understand several parameters to evaluatecardiac blood pumping. Knowing influencing factors of cardiac output. Master forming mechanism and influencing factor of arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), microcirculation and regulation of cardiovascular activities.

 Contents：

Electrocardiogram (ECG): volume conductor, lead, and physiological significance of different parts in ECG.

Cardiac blood-pumping function: cardiac cycle (CC), cardiac blood-pumping process ; Heart sounds. Index of cardiac blood-pumping function: stroke volume and ejection fraction (EF), minute cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index, cardiac work (CW); Influencing factors of cardiac output; Cardiac reserve.

Forming and influencing factors of arterial blood pressure (ABP); Central venous pressure (CVP). Structure and function of microcirculation (MC): thorughfare channel, arteriovenous shunt and circuitous channel. Forming, return and its influencing factors of interstitial fluid (IF).

Regulation of cardiovascular activities: neuroregulation: cardiac innervation (function of cardiac sympathetic nerve and cardiac vagus nerve, neurotransmitter and cadiocyte membrane receptors); Vascular innervation (function ofsympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve, neurotransmitter and vascular smooth muscle cell membrane receptors, sympathetic vasodilator and parasympathetic vasodilatory nerve of skeletal muscle; Cardiovascular center and cardiovascular reflex (baroreceptor reflex and chemoreflex and other cardiovascular reflexs); Humoral regulation: systemic humoral regulation (epinephrine andnorepinephrine, angiotensin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question Thinking:

1. Please describe action potential forming mechanism of working cardiac cell.

2. Please answer effective refractory period (ERP) and its physiological significance  

3. What is normal pacemaker, latent pacemaker and ectopic pacemaker?

4. Please answer concept of electrocardiogram (ECG) and the components of a typical ECG trace.

5. What are effects of the heart rate on cardiac cycle ?

6. Please describe factors of influencingcardiac output.

7. Please answer arterial blood pressure forming mechanisms.  

8. Please describe physiological changes of arterial blood pressure

9. Please answer effects of some factors on the arterial blood pressure  

10. What are physiological significance of central venous pressure (CVP)?

11. What are characteristics and main functions of microcirculation ?

12. What are main functions of three pathways of microcirculation ?

13. Please describe forming mechanisms of interstitial fluid.

14. Please answer factors of influencing interstitial fluid formation  

15. Please answer physiological significance of lymphatic return  

16. Please describe the regulating mechanisms and physiological meaning of carotid sinus baroreceptors reflex.

17. Please describe physiological action of Angiotensin Ⅱ.

18. Please describe physiological function of epinephrine and norepinephrine

 Respiratory Physiology (2 Hrs)

  Time arrangement：

Pulmonary ventilation0.5  hr

Pulmonary and tissue interstitial gas exchange0.5  hr

Gas transportation in the blood0.5  hr

Regulation of respiratory movement0.5  hr

Objective and Requirement：

Understand respiratory significance, basic steps of Respiratory. Master concept ofpulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, respiratory membrane, intrapleural pressure, pulmonary capacity parameters, alveolar ventilation, dead space. Master influencing factors of pulmonary gas exchange, patterns of gas transportation in the blood. Knowing forming of respiratory rhythm and regulation of respiratory movement.

  Contents：

Respiratory significance；Basic steps of Respiratory (external respiration including pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange, gas transportation in the blood and internal respiration).

Pulmonary ventilation: structure and function of pulmonary ventilation, respiratory tract, pulmonary alveoli and respiratory membrane; Alveolar surfactant and its function; Changes in intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure during respiration; Forming of intrapleural pressure; Action of alveolar surfactant; Pulmonary capacity (tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve capacity (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), vital capacity (VC), timed vital capacity (TVC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual capacity (RC) and total lung capacity (TLC); Pulmonary ventilation volume (minute pulmonary ventilation volume, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), alveolar ventilation and dead space (DS).

Mechanism of respiratory gas exchange: partial pressure gradient and gas dissolubility and gas exchange process, partial pressure value in the pulmonary alveoli, blood and interstitial fluid and influencing factors of gas exchange (gas spreading rate, respiratory membrane and ventilation / perfusion ratio).

Gas transportation in the blood: physical solution, chemical constitution and their relationship, O₂ transportation (physical solution and chemical constitution (reversible combination of hemoglobin with O₂,blood oxygen volume,blood oxygen content andsaturation of blood oxygen); Reduced hemoglobin and cyanosis; Oxygen dissociation curve and its influencing factors;  Ttransportation of carbon dioxide: physical solution and chemical constitution (patterns of bicarbonatecarbaminohemoglobin); Carbon dioxide dissociation curve and its influencing factors.

Regulation of respiratory movement: respiratory center, relative localization of respiratory neuron in the medullary respiratory center. Reflex regulation of respiration, pulmonary stretch reflex and functional significance, proprioceptive reflex of respiratory muscle and its significance; Chemical regulation of respiration (peripheral chemoreceptor and central chemoreceptor, effects of partial pressure of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentration and partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood on respiratory movement.

Question Thinking:

1. What are basic process of Respiration ?

2. What is basic function of lungs ?

3. Please answer the formation and physiological significance of intrapleural pressure.

4. What is the lung ventilation mechanism ?  

5. Please answer the pulmonary surfactant and its physiological significance.

6. Please answer influencing factors of pulmonary gas exchange.

7. Please describe the oxygen dissociation curve and influencing factors.

8. Please describe effects of carbon monoxide on the blood oxygen transport.

9. How do hypoxia (PO₂ decreases), carbon dioxide retention (PCO₂ increases) and acidosis (H⁺ increase) influence the respiratory movement？

 Digestion and Absorption(2 Hrs )

  Time arrangement：

Overview and oral digestion0.25  hr

Gastric digestion0.75 hr

Small and large intestinal digestion0.5 hr

Absorption0.5 hr

  Objective and Requirement：

Understand basic concept of food digestion and absorption in the digestive tract, physiological characteristics of smooth muscle in the digestive tract. Know regulation of secretion of digestive gland and movement of digestive tract by nerves and body fluid and gastrointestinal hormones. Master process of gastric digestion and small intestinal digestion.

  Contents：

Concept of digestion and absorption; Two approaches of digestion; Physiological characteristics of smooth muscle in the digestive tract; Innervation of digestive tract (exotic nerves and intramural plexus) and its function; Gastrointestinal hormones (or gut hormones).

Oral digestion: components, function. Gastric digestion: quality, components and function of gastric juice; Regulation of gastric secretion (basic gastric secretion, and secretion during the cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase); Patterns and regulation of gastric motility, gastric emptying and its regulation and vomiting.

Small intestinal digestion：quality, components and function of pancreatic juice; Quality, components and function of bile; Patterns and regulation of small intestinal motility and function.

Large intestinal digestion：secretion of large intestinal juice, bacterial activities in the large intestine, patterns of large intestinal motility and defecation reflex.

Absorption：main site of absorption and mechanisms of absorption (absorption of water and mineral salt, absorption of  main nutrient substance (carbohydrate, lipid and protein); Integrity of digestive organs activities.

Question Thinking:

1. What are physiological characteristics of gastrointestinal smooth muscles

2. Please answer main functions of the digestive juice  

3. Please answer the concept of gastrointestinal hormone and its general function.

4. Please answer the typical motility pattern of each section in gastrointestinal tract.

5. Please answer the compents and functions of gastric juice.

6. Why is pancreatic juice regarded as the strongest digestive juice ?

7. Please answer the compents and functions of bile.

8. Please answer the main function of large intestine.

9. Why can we say small intestine is primary site for digestion and absorption of food ?

 Energy Metabolism and Thermoregulation (1 Hr)

  Time arrangement：

Energy metabolism0.25 hr

Body temperature0.75 hr

  Objective and Requirement：

Knowing influencing factors of energy metabolism, concept of basal metabolism rate (BMR), body temperature normal variant and measurement method; Understandingbody temperature regulation.

  Contents：

Effects of muscular contraction, specific dynamic action, environmental temperature and spiritual factor on energy metabolism, concept of basal metabolism rate (BMR) and its clinical significance.

Normal body temperature and fluctuation, method of body temperature determination, Heat production, heat loss and body heat balance; Main organs of heat production and regulation; Radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation (perspiration); Characteristics of sweat glands activities. Physiological and behavioral thermoregulation; Thermoreceptor; Body temperature regulating center, set point and regulating mechanisms; Fever.

Question Thinking:

1. Please simply describe the influencing factors of energy metabolism.

2. Please describe normal changes in body temperature

3. Please answer the basic patterns of body thermogenesis.

4. Please answer the basic patterns of body thermolysis.

5. Please answer the reason why pyrogen induces fever.

6. Please answer the responses of body temperature regulation to cold.

7. Please answer the responses of body temperature regulation to heat.

 Renal Excretion (2 Hrs)

  Time arrangement：

Renal function, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration0.5 hr

Material transportation of renal tubule and collecting duct0.5 hr

Regulation of urine production1 hr

  Objective and Requirement：

Understanding roles of kidney in body excretion. Understanding basic process of urine forming and influencing factor.

  Contents：

Concept and pathway of excretion, renal function (excrete metabolic products); Glomerular filtration, effective filtration pressure (EFP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction (FF); Factors influence on glomerular filtration (filtration membranes and its permeability, structural features of filtration membranes);

Reabsorption of renal tubule and collecting duct; Main reabsorption site of nutrient substance, active and passive reabsorption; Reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule: water, Na⁺, Cl^-, HCO₃^-, K⁺, glucose; renal glucose threshold, glomerulotubular balance. Secretion and excretion of of renal tubule and collecting duct: K⁺potassium, H⁺ hydrogen, NH₃ammonia.

Regulation of renal uriniparous function：effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and effects of aldosterone and effects of glucocorticosteroid; Function of ureter; Bladder effects: urinary store , urinary excretion and micturition reflex or urinary reflex.

Question Thinking:

1. Please simply answer body`s excreting pathway.

2. What are main functions of kidney ?

3. What are characteristics of renal blood flow ?  

4. Please simply answer basic steps of urine formation.

5. Please answer factors influencing glomerular filtration.

6. Please answer regulation of urine formation.

7. Please answer relationship between plasma K⁺ Concentration and acid-base status.

 Sensory Organ (1 Hr)

  Time arrangement：

Receptor and general physiological nature0.1 hr

Function of eye vision0.5 hrs

Function of ear audition0.3 hr

Function of equilibrium sensation from vestibular organ0.1 hr

Functions of other receptors (olfactory sense, taste sense, touch sense, pressure sense, thermal sense and algesthesis)Self-study

  Objective and Requirement：

Mastering general physiological nature of receptors and respective function of eye and ear.

  Contents：

Classification and general physiological characteristics of receptor; Transducer function, receptive potential and adaptation of receptor; Threshold and adequate stimulus of receptor.

Function of eye vision: optical nature of eye refraction system, reduced eye, optic  regulation (crystalline lens regulation, pupillary regulation and binoculusconvergence); Optic refractive abnormality and its rectification (emmetropia and ametropia, myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and astigmatism); Photoreceptive transduction of retinal rods, photochemical characteristics of rhodopsin, visual cones, color vision and color blindness; Visual acuity, light adaptation and dark adaptation, visual field.

Function of ear audition: hearing threshold and maximum audibility threshold, acoustical functions of external ear and middle ear, contribution of eardrum and ossicular chain, conductive pathway of sound to internal ear (air conduction and bone conduction); Phonic reception of cochlea: basal membrane oscillation and transduction of Corti`s organ, travelling wave theory and cochlear bioelectrical phenomenon and cochlear microphonic potential (CMP).

Function of equilibrium sensation from vestibular organ: adequate stimulus of vestibular organ and physiological function of vestibular organ (utricle, saccule and concept of macula).

Functions of other receptors (olfactory sense, taste sense, touch sense, pressure sense, thermal sense and algesthesis).

Question Thinking:

1. Please describe general properties of sensory receptors

2. Please make characteristics comparison between rod and cone cells in the retina.

3. Please answer how sound travels through the ear /how people are capable of hearing sound.

4. Please answer Traveling Wave Theory.

 Nervous System (4 Hrs)

  Time arrangement：

General function of neuron and neuroglia cell0.25 hr

Information transmission of neuron0.75 hr

Sense analysis of nervous system0.75 hr

Regulation of posture and movement by nervous system0.75 hr

Regulation of visceral activities, instinctive behavior and emotion by nervous system            0.5 hrs

Wakefulness, sleep and electrical activity of brain1 hrs

Sophisticated function of brainself-study

  Objective and Requirement：

Understanding the basic function of neuron and neuroglia cell; Master central sensory function and central locomotory effect; Master mechanisms of synaptic transmission and characteristic of visceral activites; Knowing function of hypothalamus and wakefulness, sleep, electrical activity of brain.

  Contents：

Conductive characteristics of nerve fiber; Concept of reflex and reflex arc and concept of nervous centre.

Information transmission of neuron: classification and structure of synapse, mechanisms and process of synaptic transmission, excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP); Concept of neurotransmitter (NT): peripheral and central neurotransmitter; Receptor classification, concept of ligand, ionotropic receptor, metabotropic receptor, presynaptic receptor and upregulation or downregulation of receptor; Characteristics of synaptic transmission: one way, summation time delay, alteration of excitory rhythm,afterdischarge and sensitive to the changes in internal or external environment, drugs and fatigability.

Sense analysis of nervous system: effects of specific projection system and nonspecific projection system, sense analysis of cerebral cortex; Algesia(fast pain and slow pain) and algesia theory; Characteristic of visceral pain: unclear localization, slow pain, sensitive to expansion, stretch, ischemia, spasm and inflammation rather than cut and burning, emotion activities with neuro-vegetative responses and referred pain.

Regulation of posture and movement by nervous system: spinal shock, spinal animal, spinal reflex; Decerebrate rigidity, cortical motor area and functional characteristics; Locomotive function of cerebellum.

Regulation of visceral activities, instinctive behavior and emotion by nervous system; Structural and functional characteristics of autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve (preganglionic and postganglionic fiber), function of autonomic nervous system; Function of hypothalamus: defensive reaction area, thermoregulation, feeding behavior, water equilibrium, biological rhythm control and functional connection between hypothalamus and pituitary; Function of limbic system.

Wakefulness, sleep and electrical activity of brain; Electroencephalogram (EEG), classification and waves significance of brain waves,  wave blockage; Maintenance of wakefulness and reticular structure ascending activating system; Two phases and respectivecharacteristics of sleep：slow wave sleep(SWS) and fast wave sleep(FWS).

Question Thinking:

1. What are conduction characteristics of nerve fiber excitation.

2. Please answer the basic functions of neuroglia.

3. Please answer the process or mechanism of synaptic transmission.

4. Please describe classification, definition and mechanism of postsynaptic potential.

5. What are neurotransmitter and condition used to determine neurotransmitter ?

6. What are cholinergic and adrenergic fibers ? Please answer category, neurotransmitter, corresponding receptor and antagonist of each fiber.

7. Please describe the connection mode of central neurons.

8. Please describe characteristics of synaptic or central transmission

9. What are specific and nonspecific projection systems ?. Please make characteristic comparison between two systems.

10. Please answer the projection characteristic of cerebral cortex somatic sensory area .  

11. Please describe characteristics of visceral pain.

12. Please simply answer main motor functions of cerebellum.

13. Please simply answer main action of hypothalamus.

14. Please simply answer characteristic of each wave in electroencephalogr (EEG).

15. Please describe sleep patterns and their characteristics.

 Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology (4 Hrs)

  Time arrangement：

Overview and endocrine of hypothalamus and pituitary gland1 hrs

Endocrine functions of thyroid and parathyroid gland1 hrs

Endocrine functions of adrenal gland, pancreatic island1 hrs

 Function and regulation of testicle0.5 hr

 Function and regulation of ovary0.5 hr

  Objective and Requirement：

Understanding roles of endocrine system in regulating main physiological activities and its mechanisms; Mastering physiological functions and secretion regulation of several important hormones; Knowing function and regulation of testicle and ovary.

  Contents：

Definition, classification and transmission mode of hormone; Telecrine, paracrine, autocrine and neurocrine; General characteristic of hormonal action (information transmission, bioamplification, relative specificity and interaction between hormones); Mechanisms of hormonal action; Regulation of hormone secretion （long-loop feedback, short-loop feedback, ultra-short-loop feedback, positive feedback and neuroregulation）.

Concept and function of hypothalamic regulatory peptide (HRP); Function and secretion regulation of adenohypophyseal hormone (human growth hormone, GH; prolactin, PRL; melanophore stimulating hormone, MSH; tropic hormone); Function and secretion regulation of neurohypophyseal hormone (vasopressin, VP; oxytocin, OXT).

Endocrine functions of thyroid gland and parathyroid gland: physiological functions and secretion regulation of thyroid hormone; Biological functions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT) and 1, 25-bihydroxylvitamin D₃.

Endocrine function of adrenal gland: construction features and hormone secretion of adrenal cortex [mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), sex hormone (dehydroepiandrosterone)]; Physiological functions, secretion regulation, clinical application and stress of glucocorticoids; Physiological functions, emergency reaction and secretion regulation of adrenal medullary hormones [catecholamines (epinephrine, E; norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA)].

Endocrine function of pancreatic island: physiological functions and secretion regulation of insulin.

Function and regulation of testicle: main physiological functions of androgen and regulation of testicular function.

Function and regulation of ovary: endocrine functions of ovary ( main functions of estrogen and progestogen), regulation of ovarial function, activities of hypothalamus-pituitary gland-ovary axis; Forming mechanisms of menstrual cycle and hormonal regulation: Relationship between intraovarian factors and ovulation.

Question Thinking:

1. Please answer mechanism of hormone action.  

2. Please describe theory of the second messengers for hormone acting on G-protein coupled membrane receptor.

3. Please describe theory of the genes expressions for hormone acting on nuclear receptor.

4. What are general characteristics of hormone action.

5. Please describe general regulatory mechanism of hormone secretion.

6. Please simply describe that hypothalamic hormones influence the pituitary hormone secretion.

7. What are functions of growth hormone (GH) ?

8. What are action of thyroid hormones ?

9. What are main action of insulin ?

10. Please answer main physiological function of glucocorticoid (cortisol) and its secretory regulation.

11. Please answer effects of FSH and LH on the male and female reproduction.

12. Please describe the function of ovary.  

13. What is mechanisms of menstrual cycle ?

14. Please answer endocrine mechanism of milk secretion.

Course Assessment Methods：

1.  Process evaluated Exam in Regular Teaching Time, is 60% of total Physiology Scores, including

 (1) Curriculum Attendance: 10% of total process evaluated exam scores.

 (2) Curriculum Homework: 10% of total process evaluated exam scores.  

 (3) StagedClassroom Exam: 50% of total process evaluated exam scores.  

 (4) Classroom Question Answer: 5% of total process evaluated exam scores.  

 (5) Interaction between teachers and students: question from student, interview between teachers and students, E-mail from student, QQ from student, short message or we chat from cell phone, Micro BLOG, etc,. is 5% total process evaluated exam scores according to student`s learning communication.  

 (6) Experiment Exam: Experiment attendance rate, experiment report and experiment Operating exam is 20% of total process evaluated exam scores..

 (7) Midsemester examination will be called off.

 After each process evaluated exam in regular teaching time, the teacher will make feedback to students in time and their scores attached with teaching comment from teacher will be submited to teaching administration office of Medical College, Soochow University in time.

2. Final Semester examination (hundred-mark system), is 40% of total Physiology Scores

Closed-book exam, 2 hours, includes explanation of terminology (30%), single choice (30%), question answer (40%).

            Made by Guoqing WANG

Date: 2016-11-05