《Pharmacology IV》课程教学大纲
一、课程基本信息
英文名称 | Pharmacology IV | 课程代码 | PHAR1119 |
课程性质 | 专业必修课 | 授课对象 | 药学全英文班 |
学 分 | 4 | 学 时 | 72 |
主讲教师 | 张慧灵，镇学初，王光辉，秦正红，盛瑞，张丽，张熠，贾佳 | 修订日期 | 2021.06 |
指定教材 | 《药理学》（第2版,英文改编版)，周宏灏 主编,科学出版社，2019 | ||
二、课程目标
（一）总体目标：
培养遵纪守法，具有科学的世界观、人生观、价值观和社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民，愿为祖国卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神的药学人才。树立终身学习观念，认识到持续自我完善的重要性，不断追求卓越。树立医学伦理观念，尊重患者的隐私和人格。树立依法行医的法律观念，学会用法律保护病人和自身的权益。
掌握医学、药学基础理论和基本知识，受到人类疾病的诊断、治疗、预防方面的基本训练，具有对人类疾病的病因、发病机制做出分类鉴别的能力，掌握基本的药理知识及临床合理用药原则。培养适应我国卫生健康事业发展需要的，具备基础医学、预防医学与临床医学的基本理论、基本知识、基本技能，具有初步临床能力、终身学习能力和良好职业素质的初级临床药师。
（二）课程目标：
课程目标1：知识目标
1．1药理学总论
①绪言：掌握：药理学（pharmacology）、药物（drug）、药效动力学（pharmacodynamics）、药代动力学（pharmacokinetics）的概念；熟悉：药理学的学科任务；了解：药物与药理学的发展简史；新药开发与研究。
②药效学（pharmacokinetics）：掌握：药物的基本作用、受体理论、构效关系（structure activity relationship, SAR）、量效关系(dose-effect relationship)、药物安全范围、治疗指数(therapeutic index, TI)、不良反应(adverse drug reaction, ADR)及药物作用的影响因素。熟悉：不同给药方法对药物效应的影响。
③药动学（pharmacokinetics）：熟悉：药物跨膜转运与体内过程的关系；正确理解药物的时效和时量曲线(concentration-time curve, C-T)、房室模型(compartment model)、生物利用度(bioavailability, F)、表观分布容积(apparent volume of distribution, Vd)、清除率(clearance, CL)、一级和零级动力学(first-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics)等参数和概念；掌握：药物的生物转化(biotransformation)和血浆半衰期(half-life, t1/2)的含义与意义。
1．2神经系统药理学
①传出神经系统药物：掌握：传出神经系统递质(transmitter)和受体(receptor)及其生理效应，药物的基本作用原理与药物分类，掌握：乙酰胆碱和肾上腺素受体激动药和阻断药的药理学共性和特点。掌握：抗胆碱酯酶药和复活药的临床应用。
②中枢神经系统药物：了解：CNS 的递质与受体，掌握：各类中枢抑制药的主要药理作用与临床应用特点，用药原则，主要不良反应和用药注意事项与防治措施。氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、吗啡(morphine)、苯妥英钠(sodium phenytoin)、阿司匹林(aspirin)、地西泮(diazepam)等的药动学特点。
1．3心血管系统药理学
掌握：钙通道阻滞药(calcium channel-blocking drugs)、抗心律失常药(agents used in cardiac arrhythmias)、抗慢性心功能不全药(drugs used in heart failure)、抗心绞痛药(drugs used in angina pectoris)、抗高血压药(antihypertensive agents)及利尿药(diuretics)的分类、主要药理作用及其特点、主要作用原理、主要适应证与禁忌证、不良反应及其防治和药动学特点。熟悉：常用的抗动脉粥样硬化药(drugs used in atherosclerosis)的基本特点。
1．4内脏系统药理学
熟悉：作用于血液和造血系统的药物；掌握：组胺受体阻断药(histamine receptor antagonists)的作用机理和临床应用；了解：作用于消化系统的药物作用与临床应用。
1．5内分泌（激素）系统药理学
掌握：糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids)的主要药理作用及其特点，临床主要适应证、禁忌证和不良反应及其防治，掌握：抗甲状腺素药(antithyroid drugs)及抗糖尿病药(antidiabetic drugs)的药理作用及临床应用。了解：性激素类药物和避孕药的作用和用途。
1．6化学治疗药物药理学
①抗菌药：了解：药物、机体与病原体三者间的相互关系。重点掌握：β-内酰胺类(β-lactams)、大环内酯类(macrolides)、喹诺酮类(quinolones)、磺胺药(sulfonamides)、氨基苷类(aminoglycosides)、四环素类(tetracyclines)、氯霉素(chloramphenicol)和抗结核药(antituberculous drugs)等药物的分类，抗菌谱、基本抗菌原理、临床用途、合理用药、主要不良反应与耐药性、特殊毒副作用的防治。了解：抗麻风药、抗真菌药的作用特点与临床应用。
②抗肿瘤药物：掌握：抗恶性肿瘤药的肿瘤细胞群体动力学，周期特异性与周期非特异性药物的分类与作用原理，常用药物的毒性反应与临床用药原则。
1．7专业外语：要求学生牢固掌握：药理学的名词、常用药名，掌握：主要专业英文词汇。
课程目标2：技能目标
2．1自学能力的培养：课堂讲授重点和难点，指导学生阅读教材和有关资料，培养学生自学能力和理解能力，发挥学生的学习主动性。
2．2探索性解决问题能力以及综合分析问题能力的培养：及时把新理论、新技术引入到教学内容中，引导学生思考和查阅有关的文献资料。注重理论联系实际，以临床实例为切入点将理论知识串讲起来，培养学生探索性解决问题以及综合分析问题的能力。
课程目标3：素质目标
建立科学的世界观、人生观、价值观和社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民，愿为祖国卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。树立严格遵守医学生誓言的信念，坚定为祖国大健康事业和人民幸福奉献终生的意志，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神。注重培养学生多方位综合发展，成为德智体美劳皆优秀的合格人才。
（三）课程目标与毕业要求、课程内容的对应关系
表1：课程目标与课程内容、毕业要求的对应关系表
课程目标 | 课程子目标 | 对应课程内容 | 对应毕业要求 |
课程目标1 | 1.1掌握药物与机体之间的相互作用及其作用规律 | 第一章至第五章 | 掌握药物、药理学的概念，掌握药物作用的基本特征、受体学说、基本药效学概念及量效关系。掌握药动学基本概念、药动学参数。 |
1.2掌握作用于各系统、组织、器官药物的药理作用、作用机制、临床应用、不良反应。熟悉药物体内过程及药物之间的相互作用。 | 从第六章至六十二章，分别讲述了作用于神经系统的药物、作用于心血管系统的药物、作用于其他脏器的药物、作用于内分泌系统的药物、化学治疗药物的核心知识。 | 掌握每一类代表药物的基本知识，包括作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和主要的不良反应。 | |
1.3专业英语能力培养 | 课程教学中采用全英文授课，将药理学名词、常用药名、主要专业英文词汇贯穿于整个授课全程，要求同学阅读英文教材和文献，用英语汇报。 | 具备一定的英语听、说、读、写能力，能够阅读本专业相关外文资料。英语水平达到《苏州大学普通高等教育本科毕业生学士学位授予工作实施细则（2017年修订）》（苏大教【2017】61号）规定。 | |
课程目标2 | 2.1自学能力的培养 | 课堂上讲授重点和难点，同时指导学生阅读教材和有关资料，培养学生自学能力和理解能力，发挥学生的学习主动性。 | 掌握文献检索和数据查询的基本方法，具有基本的科研能力。 |
2.2探索性解决问题能力以及综合分析问题能力的培养 | 授课中注重理论联系实际，运用翻转课堂、案例教学等手段，以临床实例为切入点将理论知识串讲起来，培养学生探索性解决问题以及综合分析问题的能力。 | 具有新药研发能力，包括进行新药药理实验和评价的能力;并能参与指导临床合理用药。了解现代药学的发展趋势，具备应用新技术的基本能力。 | |
课程目标3 | 培养正确的世界观，提高学生综合素质 | 借助思政课程建设，寓素质培养于专业教学中，注重培养学生多方位综合发展，成为德智体美劳皆优秀的合格人才。 | 遵纪守法，树立科学的世界观、人生观、价值观和社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民。具有一定的体育和军事基本知识，达到国家规定的大学生体育和军事训练合格标准，具有健全的心理和健康的体魄。以社会主义核心价值观为引领，发展社会主义先进文化，实现美育教育与专业教育、课外实践、校园文化紧密结合。具有正确的劳动观和劳动意识。 |
教学内容
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the definition of drug, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
1.2 To learn the principles of drug nomenclature.
1.3 To understand the developmental history of pharmacology.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The definitions and relationships between pharmacology and the two relevant displines of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The definitions and relationships between pharmacology and the two relevant disciplines of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
3.2 The developmental history of pharmacology.
3.3 The definition and clinical applications of drugs.
3.4 Therapeutic, adverse, and toxic effects of drugs.
3.5 Principles of drug nomenclature.
3.6 Suggestions for pharmacology study.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to "learn with questions" and cultivate students' critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
5.1 Discussion
What is drug? What is the relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?
5.2 Questions
Chapter2 Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the ADME process of drug.
1.2 To learn the characteristic of simple diffusion, first pass elimination, the process of absorption, the significance of plasma protein binding, two kinds of physiological barrier, Induction & inhibition of P450, the three patterns of renal excretion, The definition of hepato-enteral circulation.
1.3 How does the pH of body fluid & ionization of drugs affect the distribution of drug
1.4 The action, site and steps of drug metabolism
1.5 The definition of Tmax, Cmax, Vd, CL and the calculation methods of t1/2, AUC, F
1.6 How to use the index (Tmax, Cmax, AUC, F) to evaluate the quantity of the drug
1.7 Etiological therapy and Symptomatic therapy
1.8 The division of compartment models
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The hepatic first-pass effect can be avoided by use of sublingual tablets, transdermal preparations, rectal suppositories and inhalation preparations. Effect of pH on the rate of simple diffusion.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The objectives and contents of pharmacokinetics.
3.2 The three patterns of drug transportation.
3.3 Effect of pH on the rate of simple diffusion.
3.4 The characteristics of filtration and carrier-mediated transport.
3.5 GI administration includes oral administration, sublingual administration and rectal administration.
3.6 The hepatic first-pass effect can be avoided by use of sublingual tablets, transdermal preparations, rectal suppositories and inhalation preparations.
3.7 The route and the characteristics of injection, inhalation, transdermal administration, and local administration.
3.8 The significance of plasma protein binding and physiological barriers.
3.9 P450 system.
3.10 Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics and time-concentration curve.
3.11 Pharmacokinetic parameters including Tmax, Cmax, apparent volume of distribution (Vd), elimination rate constant (k), half time (t1/2), area under the curve (AUC), bioavailability (F), and clearance (CL).
3.12 Etiological therapy and symptomatic therapy.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. What does first pass elimination mean?
2. According to the elimination kinetics of drugs, how to guide the rational administration?
3. How to use the index (Tmax, Cmax, AUC, F) to evaluate the quantity of the drugs?
Chapter3 Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the types and definition of therapeutic effects and adverse reactions.
1.2 To learn the definition and the significance of dose-effect relationship.
1.3 To learn the basic concepts of receptor kinetics, the types of receptors, the second messengers, and the significance of receptor regulation.
1.4 To learn the definition of pharmacodynamics.
1.5 To understand the mechanisms of actions of drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The specificity and selectivity of drugs’ action; pharmacological effects, excitation and inhibition; therapeutic effects of drugs, etiological treatments and symptomatic treatments; adverse reactions, side reactions, toxic effects, withdrawal effects and allergic reactions.
Receptor and drug: the definition and feature of receptor, significance of receptor on drug action, the definition of ligand, agonist, partial agonist, antagonist; the definition and characteristics of competitive antagonist and non-competitive antagonist; affinity, intrinsic activity, the types of receptors, the definition and types of the second messengers, receptor desensitization.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The specificity and selectivity of drugs’ action; pharmacological effects, excitation and inhibition; therapeutic effects of drugs, etiological treatments and symptomatic treatments; adverse reactions, side reactions, toxic effects, withdrawal effects, and allergic reactions.
3.2 Dose-effect relationship and dose-effect curve, efficacy, median lethal dose (LD50), potency, therapeutic index, margin of safety.
3.3 The mechanisms of actions of drugs.
3.4 Receptor and drug: the definition and feature of receptor, significance of receptor on drug action, the definition of ligand, agonist, partial agonist, antagonist; the definition and characteristics of competitive antagonist and non-competitive antagonist; affinity, intrinsic activity, the types of receptors, the definition and types of the second messengers, receptor desensitization.
3.5 The adverse reactions.
3.6 Dose-effect relationship and dose-effect curve.
3.7 EC50, threshold dose, potency, maximal effect (Emax).
3.8 Median effect dose (ED50), median lethal dose (LD50), therapeutic index (TI), margin of safety or CSF (certain safety factor).
3.9 Introduction to receptor: The concepts and the classification of receptors.
3.10 G-protein-coupled receptors, transmembrane kinase receptors, ligand gated ion channel receptors, and intracellular receptors.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions
1. The significance of the EC50/ED50.
2. For an optimal choice of a drug, either potency or Emax is crucial?
Chapter4Drug Biotransformation
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the key procedures of drug biotransformation.
1.2 To learn the roles of biotransformation in drug disposition.
1.3 To learn the major organs where drug biotransformation occurs.
1.4 To understand the enzymes involved in biotransformation.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 Human Liver P450 Enzymes
2.2 Induction & inhibition of P450.
3. Course Contents
3.1. The roles of biotransformation.
3.2. Human Liver P450 Enzymes.
Induction & inhibition of P450.
3.3. Toxicity of Acetaminophen.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
5.1 Discussion
Why is biotransformation necessary for some drugs?
Where does drug biotransformation occur?
5.2 Questions：
What is the major roles of biotransformation?
What are the enzymes involved in biotransformation?
Chapter5 Development & Regulation of Drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1To learn the variations in drug responsiveness.
1.2To learn the mechanisms of receptor regulation.
1.3To understand the factors of geriatric considerations.
1.4To understand the selectivity of drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1.Variations in drug responsiveness: alteration in concentration of drug that reaches the receptor; variations in concentration of an endogenous receptor ligand; alterations in number or function of receptors; changes in components of response distal to the receptor.
2.2. Receptor regulation: synthesis and degradation, covalent modification, association with other regulatory proteins, relocalization within the cell; be subject to feedback by their own signaling outputs.
3. Course Contents
3.1. Variations in drug responsiveness: alteration in concentration of drug that reaches the receptor; variations in concentration of an endogenous receptor ligand; alterations in number or function of receptors; changes in components of response distal to the receptor.
3.2. Receptor regulation: synthesis and degradation, covalent modification, association with other regulatory proteins, relocalization within the cell; be subject to feedback by their own signaling outputs.
3.3. Geriatric considerations: decreasing oral absorption; decreasing plasma protein concentration; decreasing muscle mass; increasing body fat; decreasing liver/renal function; multiple drugs; multiple diseases.
3.4. Selectivity of drug: drugs are only selective - rather than specific - in their actions; selectivity can be measured by comparing binding affinities of a drug to different receptors or by comparing ED50s for different effects of a drug in vivo; in drug development and in clinical medicine, selectivity is usually considered by separating effects into two categories: beneficial or therapeutic effects versus toxic effects.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions
What are the variations in drug responsiveness?
What are the mechanisms of receptor regulation?
Chapter6 Introduction to autonomic pharmacology
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the classification, distribution, and physiologic functions of receptors.
1.2To learn the basic actions and classification of drugs acting on the efferent nerve system.
1.3 To understand synthesize, storage, release, and elimination of neurotransmitter.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1)The classification, distribution, and physiological functions of receptors.
(2)The basic actions and classification of drugs acting on the efferent nerve system.
(3) The pharmacological actions of the cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The efferent nervous system: Autonomic nervous system (ANS), somatic motor nervous system.
3.2 The anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.
3.3 Neurotransmitters and actions.
3.4 Classification and function of autonomic receptors.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
Describe the pharmacological actions of the cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
Description of the classification of neurotransmitters in ANS.
Chapter7 Cholinoceptor activating & cholinesterase- inhibiting drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1To learn the classification of cholinoceptor-activating drugs, chemical structures and mechanism of action.
1.2 To learn the pharmacological effects of cholinoceptor-activating drugs classification and physiologic function of efferent nerve.
1.3 To understand major adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-activating drugs.
1.4 To understand the pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of cholinersterase-inhibiting drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The classification of cholinoceptor-activating drugs, chemical structures and mechanism of action
(2) The pharmacological effects of cholinoceptor-activating drugs
(3) The classification and physiologic function of efferent nerve
(4) The major adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-activating drugs
(5) The pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of cholinersterase-inhibiting drugs.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The classification and actions of the cholinergic receptor.
3.2 Definition, distribution, classification and structure of receptors.
3.3 Classification of cholinoceptor-activating drugs.
3.4 Pharmacological effects of the direct-acting drugs (acetylcholine)
3.5 Adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-activating drugs.
3.6 The indirect-acting drugs (cholinesterase inhibitor).
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. To describe Pharmacological effects of cholinoceptor-activating drugs.
2. To describe Pharmacological effects of cholinersterase-inhibiting drugs.
3. To describe the therapeutic applications of cholinersterase-inhibiting drugs.
Chapter8 Cholinoceptor-blocking drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1. 1 To learn the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs.
1.2 To learn the major adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs.
1.3 To understand major adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-activating drugs.
1.4 To understand the Classification and structure of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs.
1.5 To understand the mechanisms of action of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs
(2) The major adverse reactions of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs
3. Course Contents
3.1 Classification and structure of cholinoceptor-bloking drugs.
3.2 The structure and pharmacokinetics of muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs.
3.3 The mechanism of action of muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs.
3.4 Pharmacological effects of muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs.
3.5 The therapeutic applications of muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs.
3.6 Adverse effects of muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs.
3.7 Ganglion-blocking drugs.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. To describe the muscarinic receptor subgroups and their antagonists.
2. To describe the pharmacological effects of atropine.
3. To describe the clinical uses of muscarinic blocking drugs.
Chapter9 Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the distribution of those adrenoceptor subtypes.
1.2 To learn the effects of stimulation of different adrenergic receptors.
1.3 To learn the effect of sympathomimetic drugs on cardiovascular system.
1.4 To learn the cardiovascular clinical use of sympathomimetic drugs.
1.5 To know the effect of sympathomimetic drugs on eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and exocrine glands system.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on cardiavascular system.
(2) The cardiovascular clinical use of sympathomimetic drugs.
(3) The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and exocrine glands system.
(4) The actions and clinical uses of NA, AD, ISOP and DA.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Molecular mechanism of sympathomimetic action.
3.2 Effects of stimulation of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.
3.3 The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on cardiovascular system.
3.4 The clinical applications of sympathomimetic drugs.
3.5 Classification of adrenergic drugs.
3.6 Pharmacological effects and clinical uses of alpha and beta adrenoceptor agonists.
3.7 The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on cardiovascular system.
3.8 The effect on other organs.
3.9 Cardiovascular applications.
3.10 Pulmonary applications.
3.11 Other applications.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1.How many types can adrenergic receptors be classified?
2.What different functions are there between α1–R and α2–R?
3.What is the pharmacological mechanism of cardiovascular application of sympathomimetic drugs?
4.Why is Adrenaline used in the treatment of anaphylactic shock and should be first choice?
Chapter10 Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
To learn the pharmacological actions, mechanisms and therapeutic applications of alpha and beta adrenergic antagonists.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The action and clinical use of phentolamine.
(2) The adverse effects of α-adrenergic blockers.
(3) The pharmacological action and clinical use of β-R blockers ISA.
(4) The pharmacological action of α1 receptor blockers.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Classification of adrenoceptor antagonist drugs.
3.2 Pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of α-adrenoceptor blockers (including phentolamine, tolazoline, phenoxybenzamine, prazosin).
3.3 Classification of β-adrenoceptor blockers.
3.4 Pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of β-adrenoceptor blockers.
3.5 Features of selective β1 receptor blockers and β-adrenergic blockers with ISA.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. Why can phentolamine not be used in constitutional hypertension?
2. Can β-adrenergic blockers be used for heart failure clinically?
3. What are effects of rennin angiotensin system on the blood pressure?
Chapter11 Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn methods for the Study of CNS Pharmacology.
1.2 To learn ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors.
1.3 To learn central Neurotransmitters.
1.4 To learn sites of Drug Action.
1.5 To understand identification of Central Neurotransmitters.
1.6 To understand cellular Organization of the Brain.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The action and clinical use of phentolamine.
(2) The adverse effects of α-adrenergic blockers.
(3) The pharmacological action and clinical use of β-R blockers ISA.
(4) The pharmacological action of α1 receptor blockers.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Introduction of the methods for the Study of CNS Pharmacology, from morphology to mechanism, from in vitro to in vivo.
3.2 Types of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS; The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials
3.3 Sites of drug action.
3.4 Identification of Central Neurotransmitters: Localization, Release, Synaptic Mimicry
3.5 Central Neurotransmitters: Amino Acids, Peptides, Nitric Oxide and Endocannabinoids
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter12 Sedative and hypnotics
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn chemical classification of Sedative-Hypnotic drugs.
1.2 To learn pharmacodynamics of Sedative-Hypnotic drugs.
1.3To learn tolerance; psychologic & physiologic dependence.
1.4 To learn antagonists.
1.5 To learn clinical toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics.
1.6 To understand pharmacokinetics.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) Chemical Classification of Sedative-Hypnotics
(2) Pharmacodynamics of Sedative-Hypnotics
(3) Antagonists of Sedative-Hypnotics
3. Course Contents
3.1 Differences between Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs.
3.2 Chemical Classification: Benzodiazepines; Barbiturates; Newer Hypnotics.
3.3 Pharmacokinetics: Absorption and distribution; Biotransformation; Excertion.
3.4 Pharmacodynamics.
3.5 Tolerance; Psychologic & Physiologic Dependence.
3.6 Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil.
3.7 Clinical Pharmacology of Sedative-Hypnotics.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter14 Antiseizure drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn seizure types.
1.2 To learn drugs used in partial seizures & generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
1.3 To learn drugs used in generalized seizures.
1.4 To learn antiseizures classification.
1.5 To understand drugs mechanisms and chemistry.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) Drugs Used in Partial Seizures & Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
(2) Drugs Used in Generalized Seizures
(3) Antiseizures classification
3. Course Contents
3.1 Introduction and seizure types.
3.2 Drug chemistry and mechanisms.
3.3 Pharmacokinetics.
3.4 Drugs Used in Partial Seizures & Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures.
3.5Drugs Used in Generalized Seizures.
3.6Antiseizures classification.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter21 Opoid analgesics and antagonists
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of morphine belonging to opium alkaloids.
1.2 To understand the characters of man-made synthesis opium analgesics such as pethidine
1.3 To understand the pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and mechanisms of opium receptor antagonist.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The major pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and the major side effects of morphine.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of morphine.
3.2Pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of pethidine. Comparing with morphine.
3.3 Other analgesics: Codeine, fentanyl, buprenorphine.
3.4 Opium receptor antagonist---naloxone
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter23 Antihypertensive Agents
1.Teaching Objectives
1. To learn the major types of antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms.
2. To understand the name of the prototype drugs of each major type.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 The first line therapy of antihypertensive drugs
2.2 The regulation of hypertension by RAAS system
3. Course Contents
3.1. Review of the physiology of blood pressure regulation.
3.2. Pathophysiology of hypertension.
3.3. Individual introduction of the major types of antihypertensive drugs.
(1)Sympathoplegic agents
Centrally acting sympatholegic drugs: clonidine, methyldopa
Ganglion blocking agents: trimethaphan
Adrenergic neuron-blocking agents: guanethidine, reserpine
Adrenergic blockers: propranolol, prazosin
(2)Agents that block production or action of angiotensin
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: captopril
Angiotensin Receptor blockers: losartan
(3)Diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide
(4)Direct vasodilators
Calcium Channel Blockers: nifedipine
Peripheral Vasodilators: hydralazine, nitroprusside, minoxidil
3. 4. Summary.
4.Teaching Methods
4.1 By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
4.2. Interactive teaching：
Case-study: Antihypertensive Drugs
The physiological bases of blood pressure regulation.
Major organs related to blood pressure regulation.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
The pharmacological bases of diuretics in treating hypertension.
Difference and similarities between ACEI and Ang II receptor antagonists in their actions and side effects.
Chapter24Vasodilators and the treatment of angina pectoris
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the pharmacological effects, therapeutic applications and major adverse reactions of antianginal agents.
1.2 To learn the mechanisms of relief of symptoms of angina pectoris by antianginal agents.
1.3 To learn the classification of antianginal agents.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The pharmacological effects, therapeutic applications and major adverse reactions of antianginal agents.
(2) Action mechanism of Nitrates and Nitrites, β blockers and calcium channel blockers in the treatment of angina pectoris.
(3) Beneficial effect of the combination of β-blockers and nitrates or the combination of β-blockers and calcium channel blockers.
(4) The differences of Nitrates and Nitrites, β blockers and calcium channel blockers in the application of angina pectoris.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Review: Ischemic heart disease
3.2 Pathophysiology of angina
3.3 Basic pharmacology of drugs used to treat angina
3.4 Classification of drugs
3.5 Nitrates and nitrites
3.6 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
3.7 Calcium channel blocking drugs
3.8 Summary
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. Why are Nitrates and Nitrites, β blockers and calcium channel blockers used to treat angina pectoris?
2. What are the beneficial effect of the combination of β-blockers and nitrates or the combination of β-blockers and calcium channel blockers?
3. Please describe the differences of Nitrates and Nitrites, β blockers and calcium channel blockers in the application of angina pectoris.
4. Can β blockers be used to treat unstable angina? Why?
Chapter25 Drugs used in heart failure
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the actions, mechanisms, clinical uses and adverse effects of cardiac glycosides, RAS inhibitors and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in congestive heart failure.
1.2 To understand the pharmacological effects of other drugs in the treatment of CHF.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1)The pharmacological effects, therapeutic applications and major adverse reactions of cardiac glycosides.
(2).The action mechanisms of cardiac glycosides, renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system inhibitors , β-adrenoceptor blockers, Diuretics in the treatment of heart failure.
(3)The action mechanisms of the other drugs used in heart failure.
3. Course Contents
3.1 General statement
3.2Pathophysiology of CHF
3.3 Classification of drugs
3.4 Cardiac glycosides
3.5 Inhibitors of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS)
3.6 β-adrenoceptor blockers
3.7 Diuretics
3.8 Other drugs in the treatment of CHF
3.9 Summary
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. What are the therapeutic mechanisms of cardiac glycosides, renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system inhibitors or β-adrenoceptor blockers in the treatment of heart failure.
2. Why do cardiac glycosides bring about inotropic effect?
3. What are the therapeutic mechanisms of cardiac glycosides in supraventricular arrhythmias ?
4. What are the drug therapy for digoxin-induced arrhythmias?
Chapter26 Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the standard (Singh & Vaughan Williams) classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs.
1.2 To learn the mechanisms of different antiarrhythmic drugs.
1.3 To learn the pharmacological actions, clinical applications and adverse effects of different antiarrhythmic drugs.
1.4 To learn the therapeutic indications and toxicities of the major prototypic drugs in each antiarrhythmic drug class.
1.5 To understand the electrophysiological background of anti-arrhythmic drugs.
1.6 To understand the therapeutic principle of swift arrhythmia and the reasonable application of drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 The classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs (Singh-Vaughan Williams Classification).
2.2 The electrophysiology mechanism of Arrhythmias.
3. Course Contents
3.1. The electrophysiology background of arrhythmias (Proarrhythmias).
Membrane Potential of Cardiac Cell.
Fast and slow responses.
Membrane responsibility and conductivity speed.
Effective refractory period.
3.2. The electrophysiology mechanism of Arrhythmias.
(1). Abnormal impulse generation (automatic or triggered).
Delayed after-depolarisation and Early after-depolarizations.
(2). Abnormal impulse conduction.
Re-entry, Abnormal pacemaker activity and Heart block.
3.3. The basic electrophysiology effect of antiarrhythmic Drugs.
3.4. The classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs (Singh-Vaughan Williams Classification).
Sodium Channel Blockers.
βreceptor Blockers.
Potassium Channel Blockers.
Calcium Channel Blockers.
3.5. The mechanisms by which different antiarrhythmic drugs are thought to act.
3.6. The anti-arrhythmic drugs used commonly for clinical application.
3.7. The therapeutic principle of swift arrhythmia and the reasonable application of drugs.
3.8. Summary.
4.Teaching methods
4.1 By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
4.2. Interactive teaching:
（1）Discussion
Which drug is used together with quinidine in the treatment of atrial flutter? Why?
（2）Case study
Although major development in the past decade has achieved in the therapy of arrhythmias, currently available drugs is hazardous, unpredictable, and often ineffective. The therapeutic index of antiarrhythmic drugs is very narrow. Physicians prescribing these agents must be thoroughly familiar with the indications, contraindications, toxicities and pharmacological properties of the drug used. The selection of a particular drug therapy should be based on the "clinical value" by an assessment of benefits and risks of treatment.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
How many types of antiarrhythmic drugs and what are the prototypic agents in each group?
Definition: Cinchonism
Chapter27 Diuretics Agents
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the classification of diuretics.
1.2 To learn the mechanism of diuretics.
1.3 To learn the pharmacological effects and clinical applications of diuretics.
1.4 To understand the major adverse reactions of diuretics.
1.5 To understand the renal urinary physiology and site of action of diuretics.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 Classification of diuretics:(1) Loop or high-ceiling diuretics,(2) Thiazides and related agents,(3) Potassium-sparing diuretics，(4) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
2.2 Renal urinary physiology and site of action of diuretics
Renal Glomerulus, Renal Tubules, Proximal Convoluted Tubule,
Ascending Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
3. Course Contents
3.1. Introduction
(1) Discovery
The early diuretic measures
The discovery of thiazide diuretics and other diuretics
(2) Renal urinary physiology and site of action of diuretics
Renal Glomerulus, Renal Tubules, Proximal Convoluted Tubule,
Ascending Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
3.2. Classification of diuretics
(1) Loop or high-ceiling diuretics
(2) Thiazides and related agents
(3) Potassium-sparing diuretics
(4) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
3.3. Loop or high-ceiling Diuretics
(1) Pharmacological effects
Diuretic effects, Effects on renal hemodynamics
(2) Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects, Drug interactions
3.4. Thiazides and related agents
(1) Pharmacological Effects
Mechanism of action
Effect against diabetes insipidus, Depressor effects
(2) Pharmacokinetics, Adverse Effects
3.5. Potassium-sparing diuretics
(1) Spironolactone (antisterone)
(2) Triamterene and amiloride
3.6. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
3.7. Osmotic diuretics
Therapeutic applications
3.8. Summary
4.Teaching Methods
4.1 By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
4.2 Interactive teaching
Which kind of diuretics can cause potassium depletion?
The history and development of treatment strategies of diuretics.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
How are the diuretics classified? Please give an example for each group.
Which diuretics can conserve potassium and how can this property be utilized?
What are the similarities and differences between the loop diuretics and thiazides?
Chapter33Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs
1.Teaching Objectives：
1.1 To learn the pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse reactions of antithyroid drugs.
1.2 To understand the effects of thyroid hormones.
1.3 To understand the mechanisms of action of iodides.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 The effects and clinical uses of thyroid hormones.
2.2 The effects and clinical uses of Anti-thyroid Drugs
3. Course Contents：
3.1 Biosynthesis of Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4); oxidation and iodination; formation of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3); secretion, transportation and degradation of T3 and T4.
3.2 The effects and clinical uses of thyroid hormones.
3.3 Anti-thyroid Drugs
(1) Thioureas
(2) Iodides
(3) Radioiodine
(4) β-receptor blocking agents
4.Teaching Methods
4.1 By using multimedia including PPT, cartoon, video in the teaching learning process, we convey vast information and provide many sources from which student can access the information. The Multimedia approach may improve the teaching learning process, provide the opportunity for the students to gain mastery of competencies and skills, and enable the students to get access to information in dynamic environment.
4.2 Interactive teaching：
1）Talk about the effects and clinical uses of thyroid hormones.
2）Talk about the effects and clinical uses of Anti-thyroid Drugs
5.Teaching Evaluation
Question
What the effects and clinical uses of Thioureas ?
Chapter34 Adrenocorticosteroids & Adrenocortical Antagonists
1.Teaching Objectives：
1.1 To learn the major pharmacological effects and therapeutic applications of glucocorticoids.
1.2 To learn the major adverse reactions of glucocorticoids.
1.3 To learn the physiological effects of glucocorticoids.
1.4 To understand the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids.
1.5 To understand the clinical uses of glucocorticoids.
1.6 To understand the structure-activity relationships of glucocorticoids.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 Pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids
2.2 Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
3. Course Contents
3.1 The definition of glucocorticoids, chemical structure and structure-activity relationships of glucocorticoids.
3.2 Pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids：Anti-inflammatory effect, Immunosuppressive effects, Antishock effects, Other effects
3.3 Therapeutic applications.
Replacement therapy, Severe infections or inflammations, Autoimmune and allergic diseases, Anti-shock therapy, Hematologic disease, Topical administration.
3.4 Adverse effects.
3.5 Pharmacological effects of mineralocorticoids.
3.6 Corticotropin and inhibitors.
4.Teaching Methods
4.1 By using multimedia including PPT, cartoon, video in the teaching learning process, we convey vast information and provide many sources from which student can access the information. The Multimedia approach may improve the teaching learning process, provide the opportunity for the students to gain mastery of competencies and skills, and enable the students to get access to information in dynamic environment.
4.2 Interactive teaching：
What the developmental history of therapy for glucocorticoids?
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. To describe the pharmacological actions of corticosteroids.
2. What are the major adverse effects caused by long-term and overdose therapy of glucocorticoids?
3. Can the corticosteroids be used to treat peptic ulcers? Why?
Chapter36Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drug
1.1 To learn the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of insulin and antidiabetic drugs.
1.2 To learn the major adverse reactions of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs.
1.3 To understand the definition and treatment of four types Diabetes.
1.4 To understand the principal types and duration of action of insulin preparations.
1.5 To understand the mechanisms of action of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 Pharmacological actions, adverse reactions, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Sulfonylureas.
2.2 Pharmacological actions, adverse reactions, mechanism of action and clinical uses of Thiazolidinediones.
3. Course Contents：
3.1 Diabetes mellitus involves an inability to regulate plasma glucose within the normal range. Diabetes mellitus are characterized by insulin deficiency, and diabetes mellitus lead to hyperglycemia.
3.2 Definition and treatment of four types Diabetes: Insulin-dependent diabetes, Non insulin-dependent diabetes, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Other specific types.
3.3 Pharmacological effects, therapeutic applications and adverse reactions of insulin.
3.4 Principal types and duration of action of insulin preparations (classification and representative drugs).
3.5 Classification of insulin delivery system: Regular injections, Portable pen injections, Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion devices and Inhaled insulin.
3.6 Classification and representative drugs of antidiabetic drugs.
3.7 Pharmacological actions, adverse reactions, mechanism of action and clinical uses of antidiabetic drugs.
(1) Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas; Meglitinides
(2) Insulin Sensitisers: Biguanides; Thiazolidinediones
(3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
(4) Peptide analogs: Glucagon-like peptide analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors, Amylin analogues.
4.Teaching Methods
4.1 By using multimedia including PPT, cartoon, video in the teaching learning process, we convey vast information and provide many sources from which student can access the information. The Multimedia approach may improve the teaching learning process, provide the opportunity for the students to gain mastery of competencies and skills, and enable the students to get access to information in dynamic environment.
4.2 Interactive teaching:
What the developmental history of therapy for hypothyroidism?
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions:
1. To describe the pharmacological actions of insulin.
2. What are the major adverse effects of insulin?
3. To state the classification of antidiabetic drugs.
Chapter39 Agents used in anemia
1.Teaching Objectives
To understand the clinical application and major adverse reactions of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
Microcytic anemia –Fe; Megaloblastic anemia/Macrocytic anemia- folic acid and B12
Normocytic anemia –Erythropoietin
3. Course Contents
3.1 Anemia
3.2 Megaloblastic anemia/Macrocytic anemia- deficiency of folic acid and B12
3.3 Normocytic anemia -Hematopoietic growth factors
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Question：
The representative drugs used in anemia.
Chapter40 Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the pharmacological action, clinical application, and adverse reaction of heparin, coumarin derivatives, streptokinase, urokinase, vitamin K, aspirin
1.2 To understand the pharmacological action, clinical application of direct thrombin inhibitors clopidogrel, ticlopidine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and dipyridamole
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) To compare heparin with warfarin in treating thromboembolic disorder.
(2) Review of the regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Review the regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis
3.2 Anticoagulants
3.3 Fibrinolysis drugs: streptokinase, urokinase, mechanism of action and feature, clinical application, adverse reaction.
3.4 Anti-platelet drugs: aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and dipyridamole, mechanism of action, clinical application and assess.
3.5 Drugs used in bleeding disorder (vitamin K): source, mechanism of action, clinical application, and adverse reaction
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. What are the therapeutic applications of heparin?
2. To compare heparin with warfarin in treating thromboembolic disorder. (Including Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of action)
3. What can be done in treating a hemorrhagic disorder caused by excessive doses of heparin or warfarin?
Chapter42 Nonsterodal anti-inflammatory drug
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of aspirin and acetaminophen.
1.2 To understand the pharmacological action and clinical application of ibuprofen.
1.3 To understand the identical characters of anti-inflammatory drugs.
1.4 To understand the difference of action between the non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitor.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) To learn the pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of aspirin and acetaminophen.
(2) To understand the differences between the non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitor.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Pharmacological mechanism and effects of NASIDS.
3.2 Pharmacological effects, clinical applications and adverse effects of aspirin and acetaminophen.
3.3 The selective COX-2 inhibitors.
3.4 The other anti-inflammatory drugs.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter44 β-Lactam Antibiotics
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the anti-microbial spectrum, mechanism of action, in vivo procedure and clinical application of benzylpenicillin.
1.2 To learn the traits of demi-synthesis penicillin; To learn the antibacterial action and clinical application of Ampicillin and Amoxicillin.
1.3 To learn the product traits, representable drugs and clinical application of every generational
1.4 To understand the characters of other β-Lactam and advantage and disadvantage FUFANG preparations.
1.5 To understand the outline of β-Lactam antibiotics.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
1.How are agents in this chapter classified?
2.What are the major differences among the cephalosporin antibiotic by generations?
3. Course Contents
3.1 Penicillin: chemistry, mechanism of action, mechanism of bacterial resistance, spectrum of activity, clinical use and untoward effects.
3.2 Cephalosporins
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter45 Tetracyclines
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the antibiotic action, clinical application and adverse reaction of tetracyclines
1.2 To understand the antibiotic action, clinical application and adverse reaction of chloramphenicol
2.Teaching main and difficult points
What are the fatal adverse reactions of chloramphenicol and tetracyclines?
3. Course Contents
3.1 Tetracyclines
3.2 Chloramphenicol
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
阶段性测验
Chapter46 Aminoglycosides
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the actions, mechanisms, clinical applications and adverse reactions of aminoglycosides.
1.2 To learn the clinical applications of aminoglycosides frequently used such as gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin.
1.3 How to reduce the occurrence of adverse effects when using aminoglycosides?
2.Teaching main and difficult points
3. Course Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2. General properties of aminoglycosides
3.3 Aminoglycosides: mechanism of action
3.4 Resistance and its mechanism
3.5 Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
3.6Clinical application
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter47 Sulfonamides and quinolones
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1To learn the antimicrobial activity, clinical uses and adverse reactions of fluoroquinolones.
1.2 To learn the antimicrobial activity and mechanism of sulfonamides.
1.3 To learn the mechanism and significant of combinational use of sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
1.4 To understand other synthetic antimicrobial drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole mixtures (TMP-SMZ): the mechanism of action and clinical uses.
(2)The classification, pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse reactions of quinolones.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Classification of synthetic antimicrobial agents
3.2 Sulfonamides: chemistry, antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, clinical uses, adverse reactions.
3.3 Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole mixtures (TMP-SMZ): mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
3.4 Quinolones: classification, pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter48 Antimycobacterial drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the pharmacological actions, clinical application and adverse reactions of the first-line antituberculous drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol & streptomycin).
1.2 To understand the principles of antituberculosis chemotherapy.
1.3 To understand the pharmacological actions of the second-line antituberculosus drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The pharmacological actions, clinical application and adverse reactions of the first-line antituberculous drugs
(2) The principles of antituberculosis chemotherapy
3. Course Contents
3.1 Introduction of tuberculosis (TB).
3.2 Classification of drugs for treatment of TB: first-line and second-line agents.
3.3 Pharmacological actions, mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse reactions of first-line antituberculous drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide and Streptomycin.
3.4 Pharmacological actions, clinical uses and adverse reactions of second-line antituberculous drugs.
3.5 Principles of antituberculosis chemotherapy.
3.6 History and definition of leprosy.
3.7 Representative drugs of antileprotic drugs.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Quiz
Chapter49 Antifungal drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the categories of antifungal drugs.
1.2 To learn the mechanism of action, clinical application and adverse reactions of Amphotericin B and azoles drugs.
1.3 To understand action sites of antifungal agents.
1.4 To understand the clinical application and adverse reactions of Griseofulvin and Terbinafine
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The pharmacological actions, clinical application and adverse reactions of antifungal drugs.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Classification of fungal diseases.
3.2 Categories of antifungal drugs.
3.3 Sites of Action of Antifungal Agents.
3.4 Systemic antifungal drugs for systemic infections.
3.5 Representative systemic antifungal drugs for mucocutaneous infections.
3.6 Representative drugs for topical antifugal therapy.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. Describe the categories of antifungal drugs.
2. What are the main action sites of antifungal agents?
3. Describe the characteristics of some common antifungal drugs.
Chapter50 Antiviral drugs
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the major action sites of antiviral drugs.
1.2 To understand the mechanism of action, clinical application and adverse reactions of representative antiviral drugs.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
The pharmacological actions, clinical application and adverse reactions of acyclovir, zidovudine and other antiviral agents.
3. Course Contents
3.1 Virus replication steps.
3.2 Major action sites of antiviral drugs.
3.3 Agents to treat Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Varicella Zoseter Virus (VZV) infections.
3.4 Agents to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections: Ganciclovir.
3.5 Antiretroviral agents.
3.6 Antihepatitis agents and anti-Influenza agents.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. Describe the classification of antiviral agents.
2. Describe the main action sites of antiviral agents.
3. Describe the characteristics of some common antiviral drugs.
Chapter52 Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn the clinical uses of antimicrobial agents.
1.2 To learn the mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
(1) The clinical uses of antimicrobial agents
(2) The mechanisms of bacterial resistance
(3) Antimicrobial drug combinations
3. Course Contents
3.1 History of antimicrobial therapy.
3.2 Misuse of antibiotics.
3.3 Mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
3.4 Empirical antimicrobial therapy.
3.5Antimicrobial therapy of infections with known etiology.
3.6 Management of antimicrobial drug toxicity.
3.7 Antimicrobial drug combinations.
3.8 Antimicrobial prophylaxis.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1.What are the general mechanisms of bacterial resistance?
2.What is the mechanism of synergistic action by combination of two drugs?
Chapter55 Cancer Chemotherapy
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 Cancer Biology: What is Cancer? What are the differences between a normal and cancer cell? How does cancer take place?
1.2Principle and strategy for cancer therapy
1.3 Anti-Cancer drugs and their Pharmacology
1.4 Chemotherapy: Pros and Cons
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 What are the differences between normal cells and cancer cells?
2.2 What is the Kill-log curve? How does it guide the cancer therapy?
2.3 What is the importance of the cell cycle in selecting and developing anti-cancer drugs?
2.4 How do cancer cells develop resistance to anticancer drugs? How to avoid chemical resistance in anti-cancer therapy?
2.5 How many classifications are there in anti-cancer drugs?
2.6 What are the mechanisms of action of the prototype of each class?
3. Course Contents
3.1 Distinguish Features of Cancer Cells
3.2 Causes of Cancer
3.3 Cancer Therapeutic Modalities: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Palliative care
3.4 Cell cycle and anti-cancer drugs
3.5 Resistance to anti-Cancer drugs
3.6 Basic pharmacology of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs
3.7 Classification of Anti-Cancer Drugs
3.8 Molecularly Targeted Anti-cancer Drugs
3.9 Chemotherapy: Pros and Cons
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Questions：
1. Is there no toxic effects for molecularly targeted cancer drugs?
2. Why is it suggestive to use combined therapy? Give an example of such combined therapy.
Chapter62 Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
1.Teaching Objectives
1.1 To learn classification of drugs used in acid-peptic diseases. To learn feature and application principle of antacids.
1.2 To learn mechanism of action, clinical application assess and main adverse reaction of every variety of acid secretion inhibitors.
1.3 To understand pathogenesis and medication principle of peptic ulcer.
1.4 To understand pharmacological action and clinical application of mucosal protective agents and anti-Hp agents.
2.Teaching main and difficult points
2.1 Agents that reduce intragastric acidity (Antacids，H2 antagonists，Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)) mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
2.2 Mucosal protective agents(sucralfate，prostaglandin analogs，colloidal bismuth compounds) mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
3. Course Contents
3.1 The pathogenesis of peptic ulcer is caused by the imbalance between aggressive and protective factors.
3.2 Classification of drugs(agents that reduce intragastric acidity and agents that promote mucosal defense).
3.3 Agents that reduce intragastric acidity (Antacids，H2 antagonists，Proton pump inhibitors ) mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
3.4 Mucosal protective agents(sucralfate，prostaglandin analogs，colloidal bismuth compounds) mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses and adverse reactions.
4.Teaching Methods
By using multimedia teaching method, off-line, on-line method, student-centered method and other diversified teaching methods, we inspire students to “learn with questions” and cultivate students’ critical thinking ability.
5.Teaching Evaluation
Question：
To describe the drugs used for gastroduodenal ulcer, their classification and mechanism.
四、学时分配
表2：各章节的具体内容和学时分配表
章节 | 章节内容 | 学时分配 |
1,3 | 1. Introduction 3.Drug receptors & pharmacodynamics | 4 |
2 | 2.Pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics | 2 |
4 | 4.Drug biotransformation | 2 |
5 | 5.Deveopment and regulations of drugs | 2 |
6 | 6.Introduction to autonomic pharmacology | 2 |
7 | 7.Cholinoceptor activating & cholinesterase- inhibiting drugs | 2 |
8 | 8.Cholinoceptor-blocking drugs | 2 |
9 | 9.Adrenoceptor activating drugs | 2 |
10 | 10. Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs | 2 |
Autonomic Drugs （PBL） | 2 | |
11,12 | 11.Introduction to the pharmacology of CNS drugs 12.Sedative and hypnotics | 2 |
14 | 14.Antiseizure drugs | 2 |
21 | 21.Opoid analgesics and antagonists | 2 |
42 | 42.Nonsterodal anti-inflammatory drug Quiz | 2 |
27 | 27.Diuretic agents | 2 |
23 | 23.Antihypertensive agents | 2 |
26 | 26.Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias | 2 |
24 | 24.Vasodialators & the treatment of angina pectoris | 4 |
25 | 25. Drugs used in heart failure | 4 |
GBL: cardiovascular pharmacology | 2 | |
39 | 39. Agents used in anemias | 1 |
40 | 40.Drugs used in disorders of coagulation | 2 |
33 | 33．Thyroid & antithyroid drugs | 1 |
34 | 34．Adrenocorticosteroids & adrenocortical antagonist | 2 |
36 | 36. Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs | 2 |
62 | 62.Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases | 2 |
44 | 44.Beta-lactam antibiotics | 4 |
45 | 45.Tetracyclines | 2 |
46 | 46.Aminoglycosides | 2 |
47 | 47.Sulfonamides and quinolones | 2 |
48,49 | 48.Antimycobacterial drugs 49.Antifungal agents | 2 |
50,52 | 50.Antivial Agents 52.Clinical use of antimicrobial agents | 2 |
55 | 55．Cancer Chemotherapy | 2 |
五、教学进度
表3：教学进度表
周次 | 日期 | 章节名称 | 内容提要 | 授课时数 | 作业及要求 | 备注 |
1 | 1. Introduction 3.Drug receptors & pharmacodynamics | Introduction Drug receptors & pharmacodynamics | 4 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
2 | 2.Pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics | Pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
2 | 4.Drug biotransformation | Drug biotransformation | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
3 | 5.Deveopment and regulations of drugs | Deveopment and regulations of drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
3 | 6.Introduction to autonomic pharmacology | Introduction to autonomic pharmacology | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
4 | 7.Cholinoceptor activating & cholinesterase- inhibiting drugs | Cholinoceptor activating & cholinesterase- inhibiting drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
5 | 8.Cholinoceptor-blocking drugs | Cholinoceptor-blocking drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
6 | 9.Adrenoceptor activating drugs | Adrenoceptor activating drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
6 | 10. Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs | Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
7 | Autonomic Drugs （PBL） | Autonomic Drugs （PBL） | 2 | 完成报告 | ||
7 | 11.Introduction to the pharmacology of CNS drugs 12.Sedative and hypnotics | Introduction to the pharmacology of CNS drugs； Sedative and hypnotics | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
8 | 14.Antiseizure drugs | Antiseizure drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
8 | 21.Opoid analgesics and antagonists | Opoid analgesics and antagonists | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
9 | 42.Nonsterodal anti-inflammatory drug | Nonsterodal anti-inflammatory drug | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
9 | 27.Diuretic agents | Diuretic agents | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
10 | 23.Antihypertensive agents | Antihypertensive agents | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
10 | 26.Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias | Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
11 | 24.Vasodialators & the treatment of angina pectoris | Vasodialators & the treatment of angina pectoris | 4 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
12 | 25. Drugs used in heart failure | Drugs used in heart failure | 4 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
13 | GBL: cardiovascular pharmacology | GBL: cardiovascular pharmacology | 2 | 完成报告 | ||
13 | 39. Agents used in anemias | 33. Agents used in anemias | 1 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
13-14 | 40.Drugs used in disorders of coagulation | Drugs used in disorders of coagulation | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
14 | 33．Thyroid & antithyroid drugs | Thyroid & antithyroid drugs | 1 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
14 | 34．Adrenocorticosteroids & adrenocortical antagonist | Adrenocorticosteroids & adrenocortical antagonist | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
14 | 36. Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs | Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
15 | 62.Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases | Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
15 | 44.Beta-lactam antibiotics | Beta-lactam antibiotics | 4 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
15-16 | 45.Tetracyclines | Tetracyclines | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
16 | 46.Aminoglycosides | Aminoglycosides | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
16 | 47.Sulfonamides and quinolones | Sulfonamides and quinolones | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
17 | 48.Antimycobacterial drugs 49.Antifungal agents | Antimycobacterial drugs；Antifungal agents | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
17 | 50.Antivial Agents 52.Clinical use of antimicrobial agents | Antivial Agents； Clinical use of antimicrobial agents | 2 | 完成课后思考题 | ||
17 | 55．Cancer Chemotherapy | Cancer Chemotherapy | 2 | 完成课后思考题 |
六、教材及参考书目
1.《药理学》（第2版,英文改编版)，周宏灏 主编,科学出版社，2019
2. Bertram G. Katzung. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 14th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2018
3. 朱依谆，殷明. 药理学. 第八版. 北京：人民卫生出版社，2016.
七、教学方法
1．讲授法：以PowerPoint为基本软件，制作教学课件，按大纲要求依次讲述药理学的基本概念与基本原理，帮助学生了解并掌握药理学共有规律及代表药物作用机制、药理作用、临床应用、不良反应的相关知识。
2．讨论法：以PBL，GBL为基本形式，选择特定内容，由学生主导讲述，继以提问及专题讨论，以更全面深入地理解重点内容。
八、考核方式及评定方法
（一）课程考核与课程目标的对应关系
表4：课程考核与课程目标的对应关系表
课程目标 | 考核要点 | 考核方式 |
课程目标1 | 大纲中要求掌握的内容为主，要求熟悉内容次之，兼顾要求了解的内容，专业英语能力的培养。 | 阶段性测验、期中、期末考试 |
课程目标2 | 自学能力的培养；探索性解决问题能力以及综合分析问题能力的培养。 | PBL、GBL学习， MOOC |
课程目标3 | 正确世界观、人生观和社会主义核心价值观，德智体美劳全面发展。 | 思政课程建设 |
（二）评定方法
1．评定方法
《Pharmacology IV》共4学分，共计72学时（理论学时72 含PBL+GBL讨论4学时）在考核中以线上和线下相结合的方式，遵循考教分离的原则，实行过程化+终结性考核。
分数占比
总分 | 平时 | 笔试 | |||
慕课 | PBL | GBL | 平时测验 | ||
100 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 60 |
说明：
慕课占总分的10%。成绩由中国大学MOOC网站系统自动给出，系综合了6个单元测试和期末测试之后的总分。
PBL和GBL各占总分的10%。课程中教师引导学生分组讨论案例，回答问题，并给出学习报告。得分由教师根据课堂表现和报告写作情况，并综合学生组内互评的结果给出。
2次阶段性小测验占总分10%。
笔试占总分60%。期末/期中：闭卷考试，笔试2小时。
2．课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析
表5：课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析表
考核占比 课程目标 | 平时 | 期中 | 期末 | 总评达成度 |
课程目标1 | 0 | 40%（如有） | 60% | 课程目标达成度={（0.6ｘ笔试成绩+0.4ｘ平时成绩）ｘ100%} |
课程目标2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | |
课程目标3 | 100% | 0 | 0 |
（三）评分标准
课程 目标 | 评分标准 | ||||
90-100 | 80-89 | 70-79 | 60-69 | ＜60 | |
优 | 良 | 中 | 合格 | 不合格 | |
A | B | C | D | F | |
课程 目标1 | 能牢固掌握药理学基础知识、药物作用的基本规律、机体对药物的处理过程及动力学规律；牢固掌握每一部分代表药物的作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和不良反应；对大纲要求熟悉的内容能较完整地掌握，对大纲要求了解的内容基本熟悉。能牢固掌握药理学的英文名词、常用药名及专业英文词汇。 | 能掌握大部分药理学基础知识、药物作用的基本规律、机体对药物的处理过程及动力学规律；对每一部分代表药物的作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和不良反应能大部分掌握；对大纲要求熟悉的内容能掌握主体，对大纲要求了解的内容能大部分知晓。能掌握常用的药理学英文名词、常用药名及专业英文词汇。 | 能掌握药理学基础知识、药物作用的基本规律、机体对药物的处理过程及动力学规律的最核心部分；掌握每一部分代表药物最关键的作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和不良反应；对大纲要求熟悉的内容有较深入理解，对大纲要求了解的内容部分知晓。能掌握大部分常用药理学英文名词、常用药名及专业英文词汇。 | 能基本掌握药理学基础知识、药物作用的基本规律、机体对药物的处理过程及动力学规律，但对不核心的部分有明显遗漏；能基本掌握每一部分代表药物的作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和不良反应但有明显缺失；对大纲要求熟悉的内容有基本理解，对大纲要求了解的内容基本不熟悉。能掌握部分药理学英文名词、常用药名及专业英文词汇。 | 不能能牢固掌握药理学基础知识、药物作用的基本规律、机体对药物的处理过程及动力学规律的核心；无法掌握每一部分代表药物的作用机制、药理作用、临床应用和不良反应的关键特征；对大纲要求熟悉的内容大部分无法理解，对大纲要求了解的内容几乎一无所知。大部分药理学英文名词、常用药名及专业英文词汇无法掌握。 |
课程 目标2 | 能完全自主学习，完全理解并掌握课堂讲授的重点和难点，能独立阅读教材和查阅有关的文献资料。能理论联系实际，将理论知识熟练用于临床实例。 | 自主学习能力较强，充分理解并掌握课堂讲授的重点和难点，能独立阅读教材，较熟练地查阅有关的文献资料。能理论联系实际，将理论知识较熟练地用于临床实例。 | 自主学习能力尚可，能理解并基本掌握课堂讲授的重点和难点，能读懂教材，会查阅有关的文献资料。尚能理论联系实际，可将理论知识用于临床实例。 | 自主学习能力欠缺，不能完全理解并掌握课堂讲授的重点和难点，在教师帮助下可阅读教材，查阅文献能力有限。能理论联系实际有缺陷。 | 无自主学习能力，无法理解并掌握课堂讲授的重点和难点，无法充分理解教材所述知识，不会查阅有关的文献资料。理论知识与临床实例脱节，不能合理运用。 |
课程 目标3 | 世界观、人生观、价值观端正，有正确的社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民，愿为祖国卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。严格遵守医学生誓言，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神。德智体美劳全面发展。 | 世界观、人生观、价值观端正，有正确的社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民，愿为祖国卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。严格遵守医学生誓言，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神。德智体美劳发展较全面。 | 世界观、人生观、价值观较端正，有正确的社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民，愿为祖国卫生事业的发展和人类身心健康奋斗终生。较严格遵守医学生誓言，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神。德智体美劳发展不够均衡。 | 世界观、人生观、价值观尚端正，有较正确的社会主义荣辱观，热爱祖国，忠于人民。基本遵守医学生誓言，珍视生命，关爱病人，具有人道主义精神。德智体美劳未全面发展。 | 世界观、人生观、价值观需端正，社会主义荣辱观待加强，尚热爱祖国，忠于人民。不能完全遵守医学生誓言，对病人的关爱需提高，人道主义精神不足。德智体美劳发展有明显缺陷。 |
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