《Physical Chemistry》课程教学大纲

一、课程基本信息

二、课程目标

（一）总体目标：

To develop and consolidate students’ knowledge and understanding of basic aspects of physical chemistry; to develop a feel for the common threads running through physical chemistry and to develop an overview of basic elementary physical chemistry as a whole. Meanwhile, through application of physical chemistry principles in pharmaceutical sciences, we attempted to integrate the factual knowledge of pharmacy through the development of broad principles of its own aided the pharmacist and the pharmaceutical scientist in their attempt to predict the solubility, stability, compatibility, and biologic action of drug products. At the conclusion of this course, students shall master basic theoretical knowledge well, understand important concepts and basic principles, the thermodynamics approaches, and understand the physical chemistry knowledge involved in pharmacy. Training of scientific approaches shall be carried out through the course of teaching. In a word, through learning of thermodynamics and dynamics, students will grasp general methods of inducing and deducing from experimental results, be familiar with methods of concluding theories from hypothesis and understand general scientific approaches of resolving practical problems through theories and experimental techniques.

（二）课程目标：

课程目标1：Master the basic knowledge and basic theories of physical chemistry

1.1 Determine the direction and limit of chemical changes.

1.2 Master the speed and mechanism of chemical reactions.

1.3 Master the relevant knowledge of interface phenomena, colloidal chemistry, powder science and rheology.

课程目标2：Cultivate theoretical thinking ability and be able to quantitatively describe physical and chemical related problems in common systems.

2.1 Master the basic research methods of physical chemistry

2.2 Use the principles of physical chemistry to deal with problems in solution chemistry

2.3 The relationship between intramolecular or intermolecular interactions and physicochemical properties in the analysis system

课程目标3：Cultivate the ability of scientific thinking and rigorous logical reasoning to enable students to understand the physical and chemical problems involved in pharmaceutical research, and to initially develop their ability to apply physical and chemical principles to solve problems related to drug development

课程目标4：Cultivate patriotic dedication and a sense of scientific mission, form a correct personal value orientation and professional ethics, expand scientific research knowledge accumulation and international perspective

（三）课程目标与毕业要求、课程内容的对应关系

表1：课程目标与课程内容、毕业要求的对应关系表

三、教学内容

第一章 Interpretive tools

1. 教学目标

• Understand the basic tools required to analyze and interpret data sets from the clinic, laboratory, or literature.

• Describe the differences between classic dosage forms and modern drug delivery systems.

• Use dimensional analysis.

• Understand and apply the concept of significant figures.

• Define determinant and indeterminant errors, precision, and accuracy.

2. 教学重难点

• The basic tools required to analyze and interpret data sets

• The differences between classic dosage forms and modern drug delivery systems

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

Physical chemistry, physical pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology

• Measurements, data, propagation of uncertainty

Data analysis tools, dimensional analysis, significant figures, data types

• Error and describing variability

Determinate errors, indeterminate errors, precision and accuracy

• Descriptive statistics

Central tendency: mean, median, modes, variability: measures of dispersion

• Visualizing results: graphic, methods, lines Linear regression analysis  

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 1, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE: 1–4, 1-5, 1-7, 1-12

第二章  States of Matter

1. 教学目标

• Understand the nature of the intra- and intermolecular forces;

• Understand the intermolecular forces and the states of matters;

• Be able to perform calculations: ideal gas law, molecular weights, vapor pressure, boiling points, kinetic molecular theory, van der Waals real gases, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, heats of fusion and melting points, phase rule equation;

• Understand phase rule and use it for phase analysis.

2. 教学重难点

• The concept of physical chemistry and its research focus;

• The method to learn physical chemistry;

• Data analysis and graphic presentation of results.

3. 教学内容

• Bonding forces between molecules

• The nature of the intra- and intermolecular forces  

• The gaseous state

Idea gas equation, PV=nRT    

• The liquid state

Clausius-Clapeyron equation: heat of vaporization   

• Solids and the crystalline state

Polymorphism, melting and heat of fusion

• The liquid crystalline state

Structure and the properties

• The supercritical fluid state

• Thermal analysis, Karl Fisher method, Vapor sorption/desorption analysis

• Phase equilibria and the phase rule  

The phase rule, F=C-P+2, phase diagram, single-component system, Two-component systems, solid dispersion, three-component systems, triangular diagram.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 2, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第三章  Thermodynamics

1. 教学目标

• Understand the theory of thermodynamics and its use for describing energy-related changes in reactions

• Understand the first law of thermodynamics and its use;

• Understand the second law of thermodynamics and its use;

• Understand the third law of thermodynamics and its use;

• Define and calculate free energy functions and apply them to pharmaceutically relevant issues;

• Understand the basic principles of the impact of thermodynamics on pharmaceutically relevant applications;

• Define the chemical potential and equilibrium processes.

2. 教学重难点

• The concepts of law of three laws of thermodynamic;

• Describe different processes using first-law equations;

• The heat changes accompanying isothermal chemical reactions at constant pressure or volume.

• The Efficiency of a Heat engine

• Entropy and calculation of the entropy change in isothermal process or at constant pressure

• Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy

3. 教学内容

• The first law of thermodynamics

Internal energy (E), ΔE = Q + W, isothermal and adiabatic processes, work of expansion against a constant pressure, maximum work, changes of state at constant pressure.

• Thermochemistry

Heat of formation, heat of reaction from bond energies, heat of neutralization

• The second law of thermodynamics

The efficiency of a heat engine, entropy, entropy and disorder

• The third law of thermodynamics

Absolute entropies

• Free energy functions and applications

Maximum net work, criteria of equilibrium and spontaneity, fugacity, open system, chemical potential, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, activity, standard free energy and the equilibrium constant

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 3, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第四章  Determination of the physical properties of molecules

1. 教学目标

• Understand the nature of intra- and intermolecular forces that are involved in stabilizing molecular and physical structures.

• Understand the differences in the energetics of these forces and their relevance to different molecules.

• Understand the differences in energies between the vibrational, translational, and rotational levels and define their meaning.

• Understand the differences between atomic and molecular spectroscopic techniques and the information they provide.

2. 教学重难点

• The nature of intra- and intermolecular forces that are involved in stabilizing molecular and physical structures;

• The differences between atomic and molecular spectroscopic techniques and the information they provide;

• The differences in energies between the vibrational, translational, and rotational levels.

3. 教学内容

• Molecular structure, energy, and resulting physical properties

• Dielectric constant and induced polarization

• Permanent dipole moment of polar molecules

• Electromagnetic radiation

• Atomic and molecular spectra

Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence and phosphorescence, infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, refractive index and molar refraction, optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, electron and neutron scattering and emission spectroscopy.  

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 4, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第五章  Nonelectrolytes

1. 教学目标

• Identify and describe the four colligative properties of nonelectrolytes in solution.

• Understand the various types of pharmaceutical solutions.

• Calculate molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction, and percentage expressions.

• Calculate equivalent weights.

• Define ideal and real solutions using Raoult’s and Henry’s laws.

• Calculate vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point lowering, and pressure for solutions of nonelectrolytes.

2. 教学重难点

• The basic tools required to analyze and interpret data sets

• The differences between classic dosage forms and modern drug delivery systems

3. 教学内容

• Physical properties of substances and solutions

Colligative properties, additive properties, constitutive properties, type of solutions

• Concentration expressions

Molarity and normality, molality, mole fraction, percentage expressions, conversion equations for concentration terms

• Equivalent weights

• Ideal and real solutions

escaping tendency, Raoult’s law, real solutions, Henry’s law, distillation of binary mixtures

• Colligative properties

Lowering of the vapor pressure, elevation of the boiling point, depression of the freezing point, osmotic pressure, measurement of osmotic pressure, van’t Hoff and Morse equations for osmotic pressure, thermodynamics of osmotic pressure and vapor pressure lowering

• Molecular weight determination

Choice of colligative properties

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 5, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第六章  Electrolyte solutions

1. 教学目标

• Understand the important properties of solutions of electrolytes.

• Understand and apply Faraday’s law and electrolytic conductance.

• Calculate the conductance of solutions, the equivalent conductance, and the equivalent conductance of electrolytes.

• Compare and contrast the colligative properties of electrolytic solutions and concentrated solutions of nonelectrolytes.

• Apply the Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation.

• Understand the differences between osmolality and osmolarity

2. 教学重难点

• The basic tools required to analyze and interpret data sets

• The differences between classic dosage forms and modern drug delivery systems

3. 教学内容

• Properties of solutions of electrolytes

Electrolysis, electrolytic conductance, measuring the conductance of solutions, equivalent conductance, equivalent conductance of strong and weak electrolytes, colligative properties of electrolytic solutions and concentrated solutions of nonelectrolytes

• Theory of electrolytic dissociation

Drug and ionization, degree of dissociation

• Theory of strong electrolytes

Activity and activity coefficients, activity of solvent, reference state, standard state, ionic strength, Debye-Hueckel theory

• Coefficients for expressing colligative properties

The L value, osmotic coefficient, osmolality

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 6, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第七章  Ionic equilibria

1. 教学目标

• Describe the Br¨onsted–Lowry and Lewis electronic theories.

• Identify and define the four classifications of solvents.

• Understand the concepts of acid–base equilibria and the ionization of weak acids and weak bases.

• Understand the concepts of pH, pK, and pOH and the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH.

• Define strong acid and strong base.

• Define and calculate acidity constants

2. 教学重难点

• Broensted-Lowry and Lewis electronic theories;

• Acid-base equilibria and ionization;

• pH calculation of various systems.

3. 教学内容

• Broensted-Lowry theory and Lewis electronic theory

• Acid-base equilibria

Ionization of weak acids, ionization of weak bases, ionization of water, ionization of polyprotic electrolytes, ampholytes

• Species concentration as a function of pH

• Calculation of pH

Proton balance equations, conjugated acid-base pairs, solutions containing only a weak acid, solutions containing only a weak base, solution containing a single conjugate acid-base pair, two conjugate acid-base pair, solutions containing only a diprotic acid, solutions containing only an ampholyte, solutions containing only a diacidic base, two independent acid-base pairs, solutions containing two weak acids, solutions containing a salt of a weak acid and a weak base, solutions containing a weak acid and a weak base

• Acidity constants

Effect of ionic strength

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 7, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第八章  Buffered and isotonic solutions

1. 教学目标

• Understand the common ion effect.

• Understand the relationship between pH, pKa, and ionization for weak acids and weak bases.

• Understand the relationship between activity coefficients and the buffer equation.

• Discuss the factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions.

• Understand the concept and be able to calculate buffer capacity.

• Describe the influence of concentration on buffer capacity.

• Discuss the relationship between buffer capacity and pH on tissue irritation.

• Describe the relationship between pH and solubility.

• Describe the concept of tonicity and its importance in pharmaceutical systems.

2. 教学重难点

• Broensted-Lowry and Lewis electronic theories;

• Acid-base equilibria and ionization.

3. 教学内容

• The buffer equation

Common ion effect, buffer equation for a weak acid and its salt, activity coefficients and the buffer equation, some factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, drugs as buffers, pH indicators

• Buffer capacity

Approximate calculation of buffer capacity, maximum buffer capacity, the influence of concentration on buffer capacity

• Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems

In vivo biologic buffer systems, urine, pharmaceutical buffers, procedures for preparing pharmaceutical buffer solutions, pH on tissue irritation, stability versus optimum therapeutic response, pH and solubility

• Buffered isotonic solutions

Measurement of tonicity, calculating tonicity using L_iso values

• Methods of adjusting tonicity and pH

Cryoscopic method, sodium chloride equivalent method, White-Vincent method, the Sprowls method

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 8, PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR STUDENT USE

第九章  Solubility and distribution

1. 教学目标

• Define saturated solution, solubility, and unsaturated solution.

• Define complete and partial miscibility.

• Define thermodynamic, kinetic, and intrinsic solubility.

• Describe and give examples of polar, nonpolar, and semi polar solvents.

• Understand the factors controlling the solubility of weak electrolytes.

• Describe the influence of solvents and surfactants on solubility.

• Measure thermodynamic solubility.

• Describe what a distribution coefficient and partition coefficient are and their importance in pharmaceutical systems.

2. 教学重难点

教学重点

• Thermodynamic, kinetic, and intrinsic solubility.

• The factors controlling the solubility of weak electrolytes.

• The influence of solvents and surfactants on solubility.

教学难点

• Polar, nonpolar, and semi-polar solvents.

• Distribution coefficient and partition coefficient and their importance in pharmaceutical systems.

3. 教学内容

Thermodynamic, kinetic, and intrinsic solubility. The factors controlling the solubility of weak electrolytes. The influence of solvents and surfactants on solubility. Polar, nonpolar, and semi-polar solvents. Distribution coefficient and partition coefficient and their importance in pharmaceutical systems.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Practice problems for student

第十章  Complexation and protein binding

1. 教学目标

• Define the three classes of complexes.

• Describe chelates, their physical properties, and what differentiates them from organic molecular complexes.

• Describe the types of forces that hold together organic molecular complexes and give examples.

• Describe the forces involved in polymer-drug complexes used for drug delivery and situations where reversible or irreversible complexes may be advantageous.

• Identify pharmaceutically examples of the three classes of complexes.

• Discuss the uses and give examples of cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical applications.

• Determine the stoichiometric ratio and stability constant for complex formation.

• Describe the methods of analysis of complexes and their strengths and weaknesses.

• Discuss the ways that protein binding can influence drug action.

• Describe the equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration methods for determining protein binding.

• Understand the factors affecting complexation and protein binding.

• Understand the thermodynamic basis for the stability of complexes.

2. 教学重难点

教学重点

• The three classes of complexes.

• Chelates and their physical properties.

• Determine the stoichiometric ratio and stability constant for complex formation.

• The methods of analysis of complexes and their strengths and weaknesses.

• The ways that protein binding can influence drug action.

• The equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration methods for determining protein binding.

教学难点

• The types of forces that hold together organic molecular complexes and examples.

• The forces involved in polymer-drug complexes used for drug delivery and situations where reversible or irreversible complexes may be advantageous.

• The uses and give examples of cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical applications.

• The factors affecting complexation and protein binding.

3. 教学内容

The three classes of complexes. Chelates and their physical properties. Determine the stoichiometric ratio and stability constant for complex formation. The methods of analysis of complexes and their strengths and weaknesses. The ways that protein binding can influence drug action. The equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration methods for determining protein binding. The types of forces that hold together organic molecular complexes and examples. The forces involved in polymer-drug complexes used for drug delivery and situations where reversible or irreversible complexes may be advantageous. The uses and give examples of cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical applications. The factors affecting complexation and protein binding.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Practice problems for student

第十一章  Diffusion

1. 教学目标

• Define diffusion.

• Understand the processes of dialysis, osmosis, and ultrafiltration.

• Define and understand Fick's laws of diffusion and their application.

• Relate permeability to a rate constant and to resistance.

• Describe the various driving forces for diffusion, drug absorption, and elimination.

• Describe multilayer diffusion and calculate component permeability.

• Describe examples of diffusion in the pharmaceutical sciences and the practice of pharmacy.

• Describe the mechanisms of transport in pharmaceutical systems and identify which ones are diffusion based.

• Calculate diffusion coefficient, permeability, and lag time.

• Understand the concepts of steady state, sink conditions, membrane, and diffusion control.

• Calculate drug release from a homogeneous solid.

2. 教学重难点

教学重点

• Diffusion and relevant examples in the pharmaceutical sciences and the practice of pharmacy.

• The processes of dialysis, osmosis, and ultrafiltration.

• Permeability relevance to a rate constant and to resistance.

• Various driving forces for diffusion, drug absorption, and elimination.

教学难点

• Fick's laws of diffusion and their application.

• Diffusion coefficient, permeability, and lag time.

• Multilayer diffusion and calculate component permeability.

• Steady state, sink conditions, membrane, and diffusion control.

• Drug release from a homogeneous solid.

3. 教学内容

Diffusion and relevant examples in the pharmaceutical sciences and the practice of pharmacy. The processes of dialysis, osmosis, and ultrafiltration. Permeability relevance to a rate constant and to resistance. Various driving forces for diffusion, drug absorption, and elimination. Fick's laws of diffusion and their application. Diffusion coefficient, permeability, and lag time. Multilayer diffusion and calculate component permeability. Steady state, sink conditions, membrane, and diffusion control. Drug release from a homogeneous solid.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Practice problems for student

第十二章  Chemical kinetics and stability

1. 教学目标

• Define reaction rate, reaction order, and molecularity.

• Understand Michaelis-Menten (nonlinear) kinetic behavior and linearization techniques.

• Interpret pH–rate profiles and kinetic data.

• Understand the basis for transition-state theory and its application to chemical kinetics.

• Describe the influence of temperature, ionic strength, solvent, pH, and dielectric constant on reaction rates.

• Describe the factors that influence solid-state chemical kinetics.

• Understand stability-testing protocols and regulatory requirements.

• Calculate half-life and shelf life of pharmaceutical products and drugs.

• Calculate the increase in rate constant as a function of temperature (Q10).

• Understand and apply apparent zero-order kinetics to the practice of pharmacy.

• Identify and describe methods for the stabilization of pharmaceutical agents.

2. 教学重难点

教学重点

• Reaction rate, reaction order, and molecularity.

• Apply apparent zero-order kinetics to the practice of pharmacy.

• Half-life and shelf life of pharmaceutical products and drugs.

• The increase in rate constant as a function of temperature (Q10).

• Methods for the stabilization of pharmaceutical agents.

教学难点

• Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior and linearization techniques.

• pH-rate profiles and kinetic data.

• Transition-state theory and its application to chemical kinetics.

• The influence of temperature, ionic strength, solvent, pH, and dielectric constant on reaction rates.

• The factors that influence solid-state chemical kinetics.

• Stability-testing protocols and regulatory requirements.

3. 教学内容

Reaction rate, reaction order, and molecularity. Apply apparent zero-order kinetics to the practice of pharmacy. Half-life and shelf life of pharmaceutical products and drugs. The increase in rate constant as a function of temperature (Q10). Methods for the stabilization of pharmaceutical agents. Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior and linearization techniques. pH-rate profiles and kinetic data. Transition-state theory and its application to chemical kinetics. The influence of temperature, ionic strength, solvent, pH, and dielectric constant on reaction rates. The factors that influence solid-state chemical kinetics. Stability-testing protocols and regulatory requirements.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Practice problems for student

第十三章  Interfacial phenomena

1. 教学目标

• Differentiate among different types of interfaces and describe relevant examples in the pharmaceutical sciences.

• Understand the terms surface tension and interfacial tension and their application in pharmaceutical sciences.

• Calculate surface and interface tensions, surface free energy, its changes, work of cohesion and adhesion, and spreading coefficient for different types of interfaces.

• Recognize the electric properties of interfaces and the effects of electrolytes.

• Appreciate the different methods of surface and interface tension measurements.

• Understand the mechanisms of adsorption on liquid and solid interfaces.

• Classify surface-active agents and appreciate their applications in pharmacy.

• Differentiate between different types of monolayers and recognize basic methods for their characterization.

2. 教学重难点

教学重点

• Different types of interfaces and relevant examples in the pharmaceutical sciences.

• Surface tension and interfacial tension and their application in pharmaceutical sciences.

• Calculations of surface and interface tensions, surface free energy and its changes, work of cohesion and adhesion, and spreading coefficient for different types of interfaces.

• The electric properties of interfaces and the effects of electrolytes.

教学难点

• Different methods of surface and interface tension measurements.

• The mechanisms of adsorption on liquid and solid interfaces.

• Classification of surface-active agents and their applications in pharmacy.

• Different types of monolayers and basic methods for their characterization.

3. 教学内容

Different types of interfaces and relevant examples in the pharmaceutical sciences. Surface tension and interfacial tension and their application in pharmaceutical sciences. Calculations of surface and interface tensions, surface free energy and its changes, work of cohesion and adhesion, and spreading coefficient for different types of interfaces. The electric properties of interfaces and the effects of electrolytes.Different methods of surface and interface tension measurements. The mechanisms of adsorption on liquid and solid interfaces. Classification of surface-active agents and their applications in pharmacy. Different types of monolayers and basic methods for their characterization.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Practice problems for student

第16章  Colloidal dispersions

1. 教学目标

• Understand the concept and classification of dispersed systems.

• Be familiar with types of colloidal systems.

• Describe optical properties of colloids, Faraday-Tyndal effect, Electronic Microscope, Light Scattering & MW.

• Understand the factors affecting solubilization.

• Understand kinetic properties of colloids

• Be familiar with electronic properties of colloids.

2. 教学重难点

• optical properties of colloids, Faraday-Tyndal effect, Electronic Microscope, Light Scattering & MW

• kinetic properties of colloids

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

The concept and classification of dispersed systems.Particle size and size distribution

• Types of colloidal systems

Lyophilic- & lyophobic colloids Micelles and CMC        

• Optical properties of colloids  

Faraday-Tyndal effect, Electronic Microscope, Light Scattering & MWpore  

• Kinetic properties of colloids  

Brownian Motion, Diffusion, Sedimentation, Viscosity

• Electronic properties of colloids

Electronic Phenomena, Donnan Membrane Equilibrium, Stability

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Show the students related video to understand specific concept and phenomenon

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 16, Example 16

第17章  Coarse Dispersions

1. 教学目标

• Be familiar with pharmaceutical suspensions

• Be familiar with pharmaceutical emulsions

• Know about semisolid.

2. 教学重难点

• Theory of Sedimentation

• Flocculation in Structured Vehicles

• Sedimentation Parameters

• Rheologic Considerations

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

Definition of suspension and emulsion

• Suspension

Theory of sedimentation, effect of brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters

Thixotropy in drug formulations and its benefits

• Emulsion

Wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheologic considerations, preparation of suspensions

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

• Show the students related video to understand specific concept and phenomenon

5. 教学评价

课后问题：

(1) Describe the factors that affect the stability.

(2) Describe the physical stability of emulsions.

第18章  Micromeritics

1. 教学目标

• Understand the concept of particle size as it applies to the pharmaceutical sciences.

• Be familiar with the units for particle size, area, and volume and typical calculations.

• Describe how particles can be characterized and why these methods are important.

• Discuss the methods for determining particle size.

• Discuss the role and importance of particle shape and surface area.

• Understand the methods for determining particle surface area.

2. 教学重难点

• the concept of particle size and surface area

• methods to characterize average particle size and surface area (particularly the adsorption method and the calculation of specific surface, Sw)

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

Properties of particles

• Particle size and size distribution

Equivalent spherical diameters, average particle size, particle size distribution

• Methods to determine particle size

Microscopy, sedimentation, Coulter counter; particle volume measurement

• Particle shape and surface area, methods to determine surface area

Specific surface, adsorption method (calculation of S_w, specific surface), air permeability method, pore size,

• Derived properties of powder

Porosity, density (bulk density and true density),

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：Textbook, Chapter 18, Example 18-7, calculation of S_w

第19章  Rheology

1. 教学目标

• Define rheology, provide examples of fluid pharmaceutical products exhibiting various rheologic behaviors

• Define and understand: shear rate, shear stress, Newton's and non-Newtonian flow, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, pseudoplasticity, dilatancy, thixotropy, viscoelasticity.

• Appreciate the fundamentals of the practical determination of rheologic properties and describe four types of viscometers.

2. 教学重难点

• the concept of rheology, shear rate

• Newton's and non-Newtonian flow

• Viscosity and viscoelasticity

• Thixotropy and its application in pharmaceutical formulations

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

Definition of rheology and viscosity

• Newtonian flow and Non-Newtonian Systems

Shear rate and shear stress: Newtonian flow, Plastic flow, Pseudoplastic flow and Dilatant flow

• Thixotropy and its measurement

Thixotropy in drug formulations and its benefits

• Determination of rheological properties

Four types of viscometer

• Viscoelasticity

• Pharmaceutical Areas in which Rheology is Significant

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：

(1) The application of rheology in liquid pharmaceutical formulations and their stabilities

(2) The significance and application of viscosity in pharmaceutical sciences.

第20章  Pharmaceutical polymers

1. 教学目标

• Basic concepts of polymers, definitions, descriptive terms.

• Understand the principles of polymer synthesis.

• Distinguish the basic principles of homogeneous and dispersion polymerizations.

• The thermal, physical, mechanical properties of polymers.

• The glass transition temperature (Tg) and factors affecting the Tg.

• Understand how polymer MW affects its properties.

• Know the polymers and roles used in the pharmaceutics.

2. 教学重难点

• The thermal, physical, mechanical properties of polymers.

• Different types of polymers and their applications in pharmaceutical formulations

• Tg and factors affecting the Tg

• the principles of polymer synthesis

3. 教学内容

• Introduction

History of polymers, general concepts about polymers, Polymer synthesis (Condensation and addition polymerization)

• Polymerization methods and copolymers

Homogeneous and dispersion polymerization, copolymers and polymer blends, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, topology and isomerism, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers

• Polymer properties

Crystalline and amorphous, thermal transition (glass transition temperature and the factors affecting it), plasticized polymers, molecular weight, mechanical properties (strength and viscoelasticity),

• Variety of polymers

Rubbers, plastics, fibers, adhesives and coatings, hydrogels,

• Polymers for pharmaceutical applications

Cellulose-based polymers, hydrocolloids, polymers in drug delivery (synthetic polymers) and their functions (e.g., controlled drug release), ion-exchange resins etc.

4. 教学方法

• Giving lecture by Multimedia teaching methods

• Interactive teaching

5. 教学评价

课后问题：

(1) Please give examples of 3 natural polymers, 2 synthetic polymers and their application in pharmaceutical formulations.

(2) Please describe 3 factors impacting on polymer Tg (glass transition temperature) and give brief explanations.

四、学时分配

表2：各章节的具体内容和学时分配表

五、教学进度

表3：教学进度表

六、教材及参考书目

 1．印永嘉等主编, 《物理化学简明教程》(第四版), 高等教育出版社, 2007

 2．印永嘉等主编, 《物理化学简明教程例题与习题》(第二版), 高等教育出版社, 2009

 3．彭笑刚著, 《物理化学讲义》, 高等教育出版社, 2012

 4．李三鸣主编, 《物理化学》(第七版), 人民卫生出版社, 2011

 5．李三鸣主编, 《物理化学学习指导》(第三版), 人民卫生出版社, 2010

 6．傅献彩等编, 《物理化学》(第五版), 高等教育出版社, 2006

 7．胡英主编, 《物理化学》(第四版), 高等教育出版社, 2007

 8．Peter Atkins & Julio Paula, Physical Chemistry, 北京，高等教育出版社，影印版，2006

七、教学方法

采用陈述法、案例分析，师生互动，翻转课堂，小组讨论等

基本要求：

 1. 课前通过智慧树等教学平台观看小微课视频，做好预习。

 2. 运用PPT、动画、视频等多媒体手段呈现教学内容，讲授重、难点，用案例分析、小组讨论等方式帮助学生理解知识点。

     3. 课后通过习题巩固和加深对物理化学知识重点和难点的理解与运用。

八、考核方式及评定方法

（一）课程考核与课程目标的对应关系

表4：课程考核与课程目标的对应关系表

（二）评定方法

1．评定方法

本课程为考试课，考核成绩构成为：平时成绩20% + 期中考试30% + 期末考试成绩50%。

（1）平时成绩由平时作业、章节/单元测验等组成。

（2）期中考试和期末考试以闭卷形式进行。试卷考核围绕课程目标考察学生专业基础知识、问题分析、解决问题的能力。

2．课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析

表5：课程目标的考核占比与达成度分析表

（三）评分标准

执笔人：邓益斌、韩亮、丁大伟、刘密

 2021年6月20日